Systematic treatment of morphological fruit types in plants of the class Liliopsida of the flora of Ukraine

  • A. V. Odintsova Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
  • O. S. Fishchuk Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University
  • K. I. Scrypec Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
  • I. M. Danylyk Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians
Keywords: monocots; Alismatidae; Liliidae; Commelinidae; carpology; capsular fruit

Abstract

In this review, the scope of morphological diversity of fruits within the class Liliopsida belonging to the flora of Ukraine compared to the world flora diversity was analyzed. For the first time, the taxonomic diversity of monocot plants of the flora of Ukraine was analyzed, which includes 235 genera and about 1050 species, and the distribution of fruit types in the largest monocot families revealed. It was found that among monocot plants of the world flora, as also of the Ukrainian flora, more than 70% of generic and species diversity is taken up by the Orchidaceae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae families having dry uniform fruits: inferior capsule (Orchidaceae) and one-seeded enveloped fruit (Poaceae and Cyperaceae). An annotated list of morphological fruit types was compiled for all 38 families of the natural and cultural flora of monocot plants of Ukraine. Among 12 families of the subclass Alismatidae, apocarpous polymerous or trimerous fruits, mostly with one-seeded fruitlets, occur in six families (Alismataceae, Butomaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, Zannichelliaceae). In 12 of 16 families of the subclass Liliidae, trimerous capsules are the most common (Agapanthaceae, Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Hemerocallidacae, Hyacinthaceae, Iridaceae, Liliасеае, Melanthiaceae, Orchidaceae), while in six families berry-like fruit occurs in all members or in the single genus (Asparagaceae, Ruscaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Melanthiaceae (Paris), Liliасеае (Streptopus), Smilacaceae). Among 10 families of the subclass Commelinidae, in four families superior dry one-seeded fruits occur (Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae), while another four families have trimerous capsules (Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Juncaceae, Pontederiaceae). In general, the most typical fruit on the familial taxonomical level is the capsule (17 families), berries occur in 10 families, aggregate fruits and one-seeded fruits are represented each in seven families, while the rarest fruit type is the schizocarp (Juncaginaceae). No monomerous follicles, poricide and operculate capsules, winged fruits and loments were found. The most controversial fruit types are found in two groups of families, for both of them the problem is the gynoecium type. These are families with one-seeded fruit (Аrасеае (Lemna), Cyperaceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Najas), Poaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae, Zosteraceae) and families with initial carpel fusion (Hydrocharitaceae (Stratiotes), Juncaginaceae, Melanthiaceae (Veratrum), Scheuchzeriaceae, Tofieldiaceae). As a result of our work, the key and the most relevant areas of carpological studies in Ukraine were defined, particularly, unifying the terminology, examination of the anatomical structure of the pericarp, revealing of the evolutionary and ecological aspects of fruit morphology.

References

Ackerman, J. D. (1997). Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina (Zosteraceae). I. The influence of floral morphology on fluid flow. American Journal of Botany, 84(8), 1099–1109.

Artjuschenko, Z. T., & Theodorov, A. A. (1986). Atlas po opisatelnoy morfologii vysshikh rasteniy. Plod [ Atlas of descriptive morphology of higher plants. Fruit] [Organographia illustrata plantarum Vascularium. Fructus]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Balaguera-Lopez, H. E., Fischer, G., & Magnitskiy, S. (2020). Seed-fruit relationships in fleshy fruit species: Role of hormones. A review. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas, 14(1), 90–103.

Behren, C., & Yeakley, J. A. (2020). Hydrochorous seed dispersal in riparian forests altered by urbanization. Ecosphere, 11(2), e03049.

Belyakov, E. A., Lapirov, A. G., & Lebedeva, O. A. (2017). Ekologiya prorastaniya semyan i osobennosti ontogeneza splavinoobrazuyushchego gigrogelofita Calla palustris (Araceae) v laboratornykh usloviyakh [Ecology of seed germination and features of ontogeny of floating mat-forming hygrogelophyte Calla palustris (Araceae) under laboratory conditions]. Biosystems Diversity, 25(4), 282–288 (in Russian).

Bobrov, A. V. F. C., & Romanov, M. S. (2019). Morphogenesis of fruits and types of fruit of angiosperms. Botany Letters, 166(3), 366–399.

Bobrov, A. V., Melykyan, A. P., & Romanov, M. S. (2009). Morfogenez plodov Magnoliophyta [Morphogenesis of fruits of Magnoliophyta]. Librokom, Moscow (in Russian).

Boedeltje, G., Ozinga, W. A., & Prinzing, A. (2008). The trade-off between vegetative and generative reproduction among angiosperms influences regional hydrochorous propagule pressure. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 50–58.

Bojňanský, V., & Fargašová, A. (2007). Atlas of seeds and fruits of Central and East-European flora the Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer, Dordrecht.

Chase, M. W. (2004). Monocot relationships: Аn оverview. American Journal of Botany, 91(10), 1645–1655.

Chase, M. W., Christenhusz, M. J. M., Fay, M. F., Byng, J. W., Judd, W. S., Soltis, D. E., Mabberley, D. J., Sennikov, A. N., Soltis, P. S., & Stevens, P. F. (2016). The angiosperm phylogeny group. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181, 1–20.

Chen, J. M., Chen, D., Gituru, W. R., Wang, Q. F., & Guo, Y.-H. (2004). Evolution of apocarpy in Alismatidae using phylogenetic evidence from chloroplast rbcL gene sequence data. Botanical Bulletin – Academia Sinica Taipei, 45(1), 33–40.

Clifford, H. T., Henderson, R. J. F., & Conran, J. G. (1998). Hemerocallidaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 295–333.

Conran, J. G. (1998a). Anthericaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 114–121.

Conran, J. G. (1998b). Smilacaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 417–422.

Cronquist, A. (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.

Danylyk, I. M. (2012). Systema rodyny Cyperaceae Juss. flory Ukrainy [System of the family Cyperaceae Juss. in the Ukrainian flora]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 69(3), 337–351 (in Ukrainian).

Dardick, C., & Callahan, A. M. (2014). Evolution of the fruit endocarp: Molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 284.

Dremliuga, N. G. (2013). Morfolohichni osoblyvosti plodiv vydiv sektsii medium D.C. rodu Campanula L. flory Ukrainy [Morphological peculiarities of fruits of species from section medium DC. of genus Campanula L. in the flora of Ukraine]. Chornomorski Botanical Journal, 9(1), 24–29 (in Ukrainian).

Eames, A. J. (1961). Morphology of the Angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Eckardt, T. (1937). Untersuchungen über Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Systematische Bedeutung des Pseudomonomeren Gynoeceums. Nova Acta Leopoldina, 5, 1–112.

Efremov, A. N., Filonenko, A. V., & Sviridenko, B. F. (2015a). Anatomy and morphology of reproductive organs of Stratiotes aloides L. (Hydrocharitaceae). Inland Water Biology, 8(4), 334–344.

Efremov, A. N., Filonenko, A. V., & Toma, C. (2015b). K voprosu o strukture generativnykh organov predstaviteley Hydrocharis L. (Hydrocharitaceae) [The question of generative organs structure of representatives of the genus Hydrocharis L. (Hydrocharitaceae)]. In: Lapirov, A. G., Philippov, D. A., & Garin, E. V. (Eds.). Hydrobotany 2015: Proceedings of VII All-Russian conference with international participation on aquatic macrophytes. I. D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS. Filigran, Yaroslavl. Pp. 9–13.

Endress, P. K. (1995). Major evolutionary traits of monocot flowers. In: Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (Eds.). Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond. Pp. 43–79.

Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of seed plants. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Famiani, F., Bonghi, C., Chen, Z.-H., Drincovich, M. F., Farinelli, D., Lara, M. V., Proietti, S., Rosati, A., Vizzotto, G., & Walker, R. P. (2020). Stone fruits: Growth and nitrogen and organic acid metabolism in the fruits and seeds – A review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 1–16.

Favre-Bac, L., Lamberti-Raverot, B., Puijalon, S., Ernoult, A., Burel, F., Guillard, L., & Mony, C. (2017). Plant dispersal traits determine hydrochorous species tolerance to connectivity loss at the landscape scale. Journal of Vegetation Science, 28, 605–615.

Goldblatt, P., Manning, J. C., & Rudall, P. (1998). Iridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 295–333.

Igersheim, A., Buzgo, M., & Endress, P. K. (2008). Gynoecium diversity and systematics in basal monocots. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 136(1), 1–65.

Ilyinska, A. P. (2016). Spektry morfolohichnykh oznak Brassicaceae s. l.: Plid, nasinyny [The range of morphological characters of Brassicaceae s. l.: Fruit and seeds]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 73(3), 219–233 (in Ukrainian).

Jordaan, L. A., Johnson, S. D., & Downs, C. T. (2011). The role of avian frugivores in germination of seeds of fleshy-fruited invasive alien plants. Biological Invasions, 13, 1917–1930.

Kaden, N. N. (1962). Tipy prodolnogo vskryvaniya plodov [The types of longitudinal fruit dehiscence]. Botanical Journal, 47(4), 495–505 (in Russian).

Kaden, N. N. (1965). Tipy plodov rasteniy sredney polosy evropeyskoy chasti SSSR [The fruit types of plants inhabiting the middle zone of the European part of the USSR]. Botanical Journal, 50(6), 775–787 (in Russian).

Kaden, N. N. (1971). Semeystvo Juncaginaceae Lindl. [Family Juncaginaceae Lindl. – Arrowgrass family]. In: Kaden, N. N. (Ed.). Morphology of fruits and seeds of some weed plants of USSR. Uchenye Zapiski Moskovskogo Oblastnogo Pedinstituta, Botanika, 292(5), 30–32 (in Russian).

Karimi, S., Hemami, M. R., Tarkesh Esfahani, M., & Baltzinger, C. (2020). Endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores is mediated by germination conditions. BMC Ecology, 20, 49.

 

381

Kravtsova, Т. I. (2015). On some regularities of one-seeded fruits evolution. Journal of Life Sciences, 9, 511–520.

 

Kubitzki, K. (1998a). Agapanthaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 58–60.

Kubitzki, K. (1998b). Hostaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 256–260.

Kubitzki, K., & Rudall, P. J. (1998). Asparagaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 125–129.

Latowski, K., Szkudlarz, P., & Toma, C. (2015). Morfologia, anatomia i taksonomia owoców i nasion: Bibliografia polskich prac karpologicznych z komentarzem [Morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of fruits and seeds: Bibliography of Polish carpological works with a comment]. Prace Zakładu Taksonomii Roślin UAM w Poznaniu – Publiations of the Department of Plant Taxonomy of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 19. Poznań (in Polish).

Lebedeva, O. A., Belyakov, E. A., & Lapirov, A. G. (2020). Reproductive potential of yellow water-lily (Nuphar lutea) in the conditions of lake ecosystems. Biosystems Diversity, 28(1), 60–67.

Levina, R. E. (1957). Sposoby rasprostaneniya semyan i plodov [Methods of dispersal of seeds and fruits]. Nauka, Mosсow (in Russian).

Levina, R. E. (1987). Morfologiya i ekologiya plodov [Morphology and ecology of fruits]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Lock, I. E., Remizowa, M. V., von Mering, S., Köcke, A. V., & Sokoloff, D. D. (2011). Flower and fruit anatomy in African Triglochin (Juncaginaceae: Alismatales). In: Demidov, A. S. (Ed.). Carpology and reproductive biology of higher plants: Proceedings of the Russian conference with іnternational participation dedicated to the memory of Professor A. P. Melikian. Astra-Polygraphia, Moscow. Pp. 144–145.

Mavrodiev, E. V. (1997). Typha angustifolia. In: Pavlov, V. N., & Tikhomirov, V. N. (Eds.). Biological flora of the Moscow region. Poliex, Moscow, 13. Pp. 4–29 (in Russian).

Meerow, A. W., & Snijman, D. A. (1998). Amaryllidaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 83–110.

Minaeva, N. Y. (1997). Scheuchzeria palustris. In: Pavlov, V. N., & Tikhomirov, V. N. (Eds.). Biological flora of the Moscow region. Poliex, Moscow, 13. Pp. 30–49 (in Russian).

Mosyakin, S. L. (2013). Rodyny i poryadky kvitkovykh roslyn flory Ukrainy: Prahmatychna klasyfikatsiya ta polozhennya u filohenetychniy systemi [Families and orders of angiosperms of the flora of Ukraine: A pragmatic classification and placement in the phylogenetic system]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 70(3), 289–307 (in Ukrainian).

Mosyakin, S. L., & Buyun, L. I. (2013). Problema Аsparagales sensu APG: Suchasnyi pohlyad na makrosystematyku klyuchovoi hrupy odnodolnykh [Problem of Аsparagales sensu APG: Modern views on macrosystematics of a key group of monocots]. In: Buyun, L. I., Ivannikov, R. V., & Kovalska, L. A. (Eds.). Fundamental and applied aspects of modern orchidology. Knyhonosha, Kyiv. Pp. 116–126 (in Ukrainian).

Mosyakin, S. L., & Fedoronchuk, M. M. (1999). Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev.

Nevo, O., & Ayasse, M. (2020). Fruit scent: Biochemistry, ecological function, and evolution. In: Mérillon, J. M., & Ramawat, K. G. (Eds.). Co-evolution of secondary metabolites. Springer Nature Switzerland. Pp. 1–23.

Nordenstam, B. (1998). Colchicaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 175–185.

Pesotskaya, V. V., Chaplygina, A. B., Shupova, T. V., & Kratenko, R. I. (2020). Fruit and berry plants of forest belts as a factor of species diversity of ornithofauna during the breeding season and autumn migration period. Biosystems Diversity, 28(3), 290–297.

Pijl, van der L. (1982). Principles of dispersal in higher plants. Ed. 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

Rahn, K. (1998). Alliaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 70–78.

Remizowa, M. V., & Sokoloff, D. D. (2014). O stroenii ploda Scheuchzeria palustris (Sheuchzeriaceae, Alismatales) [Fruit structure in Scheuchzeria palustris (Sheuchzeriaceae, Alismatales)]. In: Lotova, L. I., & Timonin, A. C. (Eds.). Kaden’s Memorial Book [Book in Memory of Prof. Kaden]. MAKS Press, Moscow. Pp. 173–181 (in Russian).

Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., & Rudall, P. J. (2006). Evolution of the monocot gynoecium: Evidence from comparative morphology and development in Tofieldia, Japonolirion, Petrosavia and Narthecium. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 258, 183–209.

Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., & Rudall, P. J. (2010). Evolutionary history of the monocot flower. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 97, 617–645.

Roth, I. (1977). Fruits of Angiosperms. In: Zimmermann, W., Carlquist, S., Ozenda, P., & Wulff, H. D. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of plant anatomy. G. Borntraeger, Berlin.

Sena, F. H., Schulz, K., Cierjacks, A., Falcão, H. M., Lustosa, B. M., Almeida, J. S. (2021). Goats foster endozoochoric dispersal of exotic species in a seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments, 188, 104473.

Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.). (1977). Zlaki Ukrainy [Grasses of Ukraine: Anatomical-morphological karyosystematical and ecological-phytocoenotical review]. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv (in Russian).

Smyth, G. F., & van Wyk, B. E. (1998). Asphodelaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 130–140.

Sokoloff, D. D. (2016). Correlations between gynoecium morphology and ovary position in angiosperm flowers: Roles of developmental and terminological constraints. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 6(1), 84–95.

Sokoloff, D. D., Nuraliev, M. S., Oskolski, A. A., & Remizowa, M. V. (2017). Gynoecium evolution in angiosperms: Monomery, pseudomonomery, and mixomery. Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin, 72(3), 97–108.

Speta, F. (1998). Hyacinthaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 261–285.

Spjut, R. W. (1994). A systematic treatment of fruit types. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 70, 1‒182.

Takhtajan, A. (1987). Sistema magnoliofitov [Systems of Magnoliophyta]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Takhtajan, A. (2009). Flowering Plants. 2 ed. Springer, Science+Business Media B.V.

Takhtajan, A. (Ed.). (1985). Sravnitelnaya anatomiya semyan [Comparative seed anatomy], 1. Liliopsida seu Monocotyledones. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Tamura, M. N. (1998a). Calochortaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 164–172.

Tamura, M. N. (1998b). Liliaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 343–353.

Tamura, M. N. (1998c). Melanthiaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 369–380.

Tamura, M. N. (1998d). Trilliaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 444–452.

Teryokhin, E. S. (2000). Plod [The fruit]. In: Batygina, T. B. (Ed.). Embryology of flowering plants. Terminology and concepts, 3. Reproductive systems. World and Family, Saint Petersburg. Pp. 289–295 (in Russian).

Thadeo, M., Hampilos, K. E., & Stevenson, D. W. (2015). Anatomy of fleshy fruits in the Monocots. American Journal of Botany, 102(11), 1–23.

Thorne, R. F., & Reveal, J. L. (2007). An updated classification of the class Magnoliopsida (“Angiospermae”). The Botanical Review, 73(2), 67–182.

Tippery, N. P., & Les, D. H. (2020). Tiny plants with enormous potential: Phylogeny and evolution of duckweeds. In: Cao, X. H., Fourounjian, P., & Wang, W. (Eds.). The duckweed genomes, compendium of plant genomes. Springer, Nature, Switzerland. Pp. 19–38.

Vekhov, V. N. (1992). Zostera morskaya (Zostera marina L.) Belogo morya [Common eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) of the White Sea]. MGU, Moscow (in Russian).

Volkova, O. A., Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., & Severova, E. E. (2016). A developmental study of pollen dyads and notes on floral development in Scheuchzeria (Alismatales: Scheuchzeriaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 182, 791–810.

Zhmylev, P. Y., Krivokharchenko, I. S., & Shcherbakov, A. V. (1995). Semeуstvo Lemnaceae [Family Lemnaceae]. In: Pavlov, V. N., & Tikhomirov, V. N. (Eds.). Biological Flora of the Moscow region. Argus, Moscow, 10. Pp. 20–51 (in Russian).

Ziman, S. M., & Bulakh, O. V. (2013). Anatomo-morfolohichni doslidzhennya sudynnykh roslyn v Ukrayini: Rozvytok i suchasnyy stan [Anatomical and morphological studies of the vascular plants in Ukraine: Development and modern state]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 70(1), 54–60 (in Ukrainian).

Published
2021-08-17
How to Cite
Odintsova, A. V., Fishchuk, O. S., Scrypec, K. I., & Danylyk, I. M. (2021). Systematic treatment of morphological fruit types in plants of the class Liliopsida of the flora of Ukraine. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 12(3), 375-382. https://doi.org/10.15421/022151