Spatio-temporal analysis of leptospirosis in cattle in Ukraine over 2005–2024
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by genetically diverse and continuously evolving pathogens, posing a significant threat to both animal and human health. This study investigates the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in cattle populations in Ukraine over the period 2005–2024, encompassing both clinically apparent and subclinical infections. During this period, a total of 2 924 864 cattle serum samples were tested by veterinary laboratories in Ukraine for leptospirosis and 148 850 were positive, which accounted for 5.1%. In general, the number of tested samples decreased significantly (the number of tested samples in 2024 was only 12.2% of the initial one – reduction of studies by 8.18 times from 2005). The seroprevalence was highest in 2005 and 2007 – 8.6% and 7.2%, respectively. The minimum level of seroprevalence was observed in 2022 and 2024 – 1.8% and 1.6%, respectively. During 2009–2018, the incidence was at approximately the same level (seroprevalence in the range of 3.6–4.7%), and later this figure began to decline again – from 4.2% in 2018 to 1.6% in 2024. During the research period, there was a steady downward trend in the number of seropositivity for bovine leptospirosis. Studies have shown that there was a decrease in the number of positive reactions to Leptospira serovars kabura , polonica and tarassovi , but an increase in the number of positive reactions to copenhageni , canicola and bratislava serovars. The percentage of seroprevalence of Leptospira grippotyphosa and pomona serovars in cattle remained at the same levels. It is established, that the very high-risk area for bovine leptospirosis in Ukraine includes five regions: Donetsk, Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Sumy, and Dnipropetrovsk. The total number of positive samples in this zone is 91 318, which is 61.3%. The least risky regions in terms of bovine leptospirosis are Ivano-Frankivsk, Luhansk, Crimea, Zakarpattia and Lviv regions (only 1.3% or 1 475 positive samples). Cartographic analysis of the circulation of diagnostic leptospira serovars among cattle in Ukraine indicates the heterogeneity of the epizootic situation regarding this disease in different regions of our country. Our studies have shown that in the etiological structure of bovine leptospirosis in Ukraine the dom i nant serovars are kabura (serogroup Hebdomadis ) (12.2%), polonica (serogroup Sejroe ) (9.9%), copenhageni (serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae ) (5.7%), tarassovi (serogroup Tarassovi ) (4.4%). Positive reactions to other Leptospira serovars were rarely observed: bratislava (serogroup Australis ) (2.8%), grippotyphosa (serogroup Grippotyphosa ) (2.2%), pomona (serogroup Pomona ) (1.3%) and canicola (serogroup Canicola ) (1.3%).References
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