Ontogenesis of Pelargonia sidoides (Geraniaceae) under greenhouse conditions

  • M. M. Gaidarzhy Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
  • A. V. Holubenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
  • N. V. Nuzhyna Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
  • O. A. Futorna Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
  • O. O. Senchylo Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Keywords: ontogenesis; seeds; flowers; pollen; leaves; leaf anatomy

Abstract

The article presents the results of the ontogenesis study and complements the morphological description of the valuable medicinal plant Pelargonium sidoides, which is included in the Red List of Plants of South Africa, from the collection of succulents of the O. V. Fomin Botanical Garden. Unlike some species of the Pelargonium genus, which are stem succulents, P. sidoides is a succulent with thickened roots. It has been established that the pregenerative period lasts about 10 months, while the longest is the juvenile stage, during which plants form a large leafy series and begin to form thickened roots. The seedling stage in P. sidoides is much shorter than in many stem succulents with non-succulent leaves. Plants are cross-pollinated, in the conditions of cultivation they form a peduncle longer than in nature, up to 90 cm in length. Flowers are open to 6 days and during this time they undergo three consecutive stages: the opening of the anthers, an asexual pause, readiness of the pistil to be pollinated. Pollen grains are typical for representatives of the Pelargonium genus, but smaller, compared to pollen representatives of other sections. Fruits ripen in a short period 17–25 days, depending on the air temperature. The mericarps of P. sidoides differ in shape, colour and size from the mericarps of representatives of other genera of the Geraniaceae family, but the morphological characteristics of the seeds within the family are similar. The germ is located on the abdominal side of the seed; it occupies almost half of its volume and has clear outlines. According to its morphological features, P. sidoides leaves, as in most other species of the genus, have both mesomorphic and xeromorphic features. Analysis of the data gives ground for characterizing these plants as meso-xerophytes. P. sidoides quickly enters the generative period in the conditions of greenhouse cultivation and has high reproductive capacity.

References

Albers, F. (2002). Pelargonium. In: Eggli, U. (Ed.). Illustrated handbook of succulent plants. Dicotiledons. Heidelberg, Springer, New York, Вerlin.

Artyushenko, Z. T., & Fedorov, A. A. (1986). Atlas po opisatel'noj morfologii vysshih rastenij. Plod [Atlas on the descriptive morphology of higher plants. Fetus]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Barthlott, W. (1984). Microstructural features of seed surfaces. In: Current concepts in plant taxonomy. Academic Press, London. Pp. 95–105.

Baser, B., Firat, M., & Aziret, A. (2016). The pollen morphology of Pelargonium endlicherianum and P. quercetorum (Geraniaceae) in Turkey. PhytoKeys, 75, 153–162.

Brendler, T., & van Wyk, B. E. (2008). A historical, scientific and commercial perspective on the medical use of Pelargonium sidoides (Geraniaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119, 420–433.

Carmen, G., & Hansu, G. (2014). Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Pelargonium roseum essential oils. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 4, 346–349.

Deniz, I., Yildiz, K., & Cirpici, A. (2018). Taxonomical study of seed and fruit micromorphology of the Geranium (Geraniaceae) species in the Thrace region of Turkey (Europe). Phytologia Balcanica, 24(1), 35–43.

Dreyer, L. L., & Marais, E. M. (2000). Section Reniformia, a new section in the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 66(1), 44–51.

Fedorov, A. A., & Artyushenko, Z. T. (1975). Atlas po opisatel'noj morfologii vysshih rastenij (Cvetok) [Atlas on the descriptive morphology of higher plants (Flower)]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

Gajdarzhy, M. M. (2003). Aloe, Gasteria, Havortia: Іntrodukcіya, bіologіya, ekologіya [Aloe, Gasteria, Haworthia: Introduction, biology, ecology]. Kyivskyi Universytet, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).

Gajdarzhy, M. M., Nіkіtіna, V. V., Bahlai, K. M., & Kalashnik, S. O. (2011). Adaptyvni stratehii sukulentnykh roslyn u preheneratyvnyi period [Adaptive strategies of succulent plants in the pregenerative period]. Vidnovlennia Porushenykh Pryrodnykh Ekosystem: Materialy IV Mizhnarodnoji Konferentsii. Tsifrovaya Tipografiya, Donetsk. Pp. 90–92 (in Ukrainian).

Gontcharova, S. B., Gontcharov, A. A., Yakubov, V. V., & Kondo, K. (2009). Seed surface morphology in some representatives of the genus Rhodiola sect. Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) in the Russian Far East. Flora, 204, 17–24.

Ilinska, A. P., Futorna, O. A., Diachenko, I. I., & Fedoronchuk, N. S. (2001). Vyhotovlennia preparativ vehetatyvnykh roslyn na mikrotomi-kriostati [Making of preparations of vegetative plants on a microtome-cryostat]. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 58(2), 256–260 (in Ukrainian).

Keshavarsi, M., & Behzadifar, M. (2016). Pollen morphology of some Geranium subgenus Robertium species of Iran. Modern Phytomorphology, 10, 39–45.

Kolodziej, H. (2011). Antimicrobial, antiviral and immunomodulatory activity studies of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) in the context of health promotion. Pharmaceuticals, 4, 1295–1314.

Matthys, H., Eisebitt, R., Seith, B., & Heger, M. (2003). Efficacy and safety of an extract of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs7630) in adults with acute bronchitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trail. Phytomedicine, 10(4), 7–17.

Mayo, M., & Van Staden, J. (2014). Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 152(2), 243–255.

Mthiyane, P. G., Mavengahats, S., Opoku, A., & Kleynhans, K. (2016). Morphological characterization of cultivated Pelargonium sidoides in the Northern KZN. Acta Horticulturae, 1125, 315–324.

Nuzhina, N. V., & Chihman, O. M. (2009). Morfolohichni osoblyvosti trykhom pelarhonii [Morphological features of trichomes of pelargoniums]. Zberezhennia bioriznomanittia tropichnykh ta subtropichnykh roslyn: Materialy Mizhnarodnoi konferentsii. Kyiv. Pp. 128–132 (in Ukrainian).

Nuzhyna, N. V., & Gaidarzhy, M. M. (2015). Comparative characteristics of anatomical and morpholjgical adaptations of plants of two subgenera Haworthia Duval to arid environmental conditions. Acta Agrobotanica, 68(1), 23–31.

Oskay, D. (2017). A morphological study on the dioeciously endemic Erodium somanum H. Pesmen (Geraniaceae), critically endangered in Turkey. Acta Botanica Croatica, 76(1), 27–31.

Pirali-Kheirabadi, K., Razzaaghi-Abyaneh, M., & Halajian, A. (2010). Acaricidal effect of Pelargonium roseum and Eucalyptus globulis essential oils against adult stage of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulabus in vitro. Veterinary Parasitology, 10, 346–349.

Raimondo, D. (2009). Red list of South African plants. Strelitzia, Pretoria.

Saraswathi, J., Venkatesh, K., Baburao, N., Hilal, M. H., & Rani, A. R. (2011). Phytopharmacological importance of Pelargonium species. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(13), 2587–2598.

Shehata, A. A. (2008). Pollen morphology of Egyptian Geraniaceae: An assessment of taxonomic value. International Journal of Botany, 4(1), 67–76.

Shellie, R. A., & Marriott, P. J. (2003). Comprehensive two-dimensionale gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil using rapid scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry. Analyst, 128, 879–833.

Shirokova, A. V. (2006). Pelargonii [Pelargonium]. Kladez'-Buks, Moscow (in Russian).

Shyrobokova, D. N., Nikitina, V. V., Gaidarzhy, M. M., & Bahlai, K. M. (2003). Kaktusy ta inshi sukulentni roslyny [Cacti and other succulent plants]. Ukrainski Propilei, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).

Tahtadzhyan, A. L. (Ed.). (2000). Sravnitel'naya anatomiya semyan. Tom 6. Dvudol'nye. Rosidae II (2000) [Comparative anatomy of seeds. Vol. 6. Dicate Rosidae II]. Nauka, Saint Petersburg (in Russian).

Tokarev, P. I. (2002). Morphologiya i ultraskulptura pyltsevykh zeren [The morphology and ultrastructure of pollen grains]. Tovarischestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK, Moscow (in Russian).

Vasil’ev, B. R. (1988). Stroenie lista drevesnyih rasteniy razlichnyih klimaticheskih zon [The structure of the leaf of woody plants of different climatic zones]. LGU, Leningrad (in Russian).

Zaharevich, S. F. (1954). K metodike opisaniya epidermisa lista [On the method of describing the epidermis leaf]. Vestnik LGU, 4, 65–75 (in Russian).

Published
2019-05-23
How to Cite
Gaidarzhy, M. M., Holubenko, A. V., Nuzhyna, N. V., Futorna, O. A., & Senchylo, O. O. (2019). Ontogenesis of Pelargonia sidoides (Geraniaceae) under greenhouse conditions . Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 10(2), 159-164. https://doi.org/10.15421/021923