Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems

Poultry at the crossroads of antimicrobial resistance: Global challenges and sustainable solutions

2026-05-12T16:15:18+03:00

Antimicrobial resistance in poultry production represents a rapidly intensifying global challenge at the intersection of animal agriculture, human health and environmental sustainability. This review sy n thesizes molecular, epidemiological and ecological evidence to identify the mechanisms driving the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance within poultry systems. Analysis of international data shows that selective antimicrobial pressure, horizontal gene transfer and environmental co-selection contribute to the formation of a dynamic and interconnected resistome. Particular attention is given to plasmid-mediated ESBL and mcr determinants, which facilitate the exchange of resistance genes among Escherichia coli , Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. across poultry, wildlife and human pop u lations. These molecular processes are consistent with epidemiological findings demonstrating overla p ping genomic profiles among isolates from farms, wild birds and clinical cases. The persistence of r e sistance reservoirs along the farm–environment interface is promoted by intensive production, inad e quate biosecurity and manure mismanagement. Effective mitigation requires integrating antimicrobial stewardship, vaccination, improved biosecurity and precision livestock technologies, supported by promising biological alternatives such as probiotics, phytobiotics, bacteriophages and mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Strengthening molecular surveillance, environmental monitoring and One Health governance can shift AMR control from reactive interventions to preventive strategies, promoting a more sustainable and antibiotic-independent poultry sector.

Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on gastric wall regeneration after experimental gastrotomy in rabbits

2026-05-12T16:15:27+03:00

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on the processes of regeneration of the gastric wall in rabbits after experimental gastrotomy . The study was conducted on 62 Chinchilla breed rabbits, which were divi d ed into a control group and an experimental group. Animals of the experimental group underwent infiltration of the gastric wall suture with autologous platelet-rich plasma, whereas animals of the control group received standard therapy. Morphological changes in gastric tissues were evaluated histologically on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 14th, and 21st days after surgery. It was esta b lished that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma contributed to a more intensive contraction of the gastric muscular layer at the early stages of healing, which ensured faster wound closure and a reduction in the effect of gastric juice on the tissues. An i mals of the experimental group exhibited a less pronounced inflammatory reaction, improved blood supply, and active prolifer a tion of smooth muscle tissue cells. As early as the 7th day, the structure of the muscular and serosal layers in the area of surgical intervention was similar to that of intact tissues. Complete regeneration of all layers of the gastric wall in animals of the exper i mental group was observed on the 10th–14th day, whereas in the control group this process was completed only on the 21st day. The obtained results indicate that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma significantly accelerates the regenerative processes of the gastric wall after gastrotomy and may be an effective method for optimizing postoperative healing in veterinary surgery.

Effectiveness of ultrasound examination in mono- and mixed infections of dogs

2026-05-12T16:15:34+03:00

Protozoan and helminthic gastrointestinal parasites of domestic dogs are very common invasive pathogens. Depending on the parasitic load on the body of a sick animal, the course of the infection varies from asymptomatic to severe, sometimes fatal. In the detection of various pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, an important place belongs to ultrasound examin a tion. It is the fastest, most informative and accessible method of visualization in veterinary medicine, and also allows one to safely assess the state of the abdominal organs and detect pathological changes in good time . The aim of the research was to investigate the informativeness of ultrasound examination of the stomach and small intestine in toxocariasis monoinfection and toxocariasis-cystoisosporiasis co-infection in dogs. It was found that parasitism by Toxocara canis and Cystoisospora canis led to changes in the metric indicators of the stomach and small intestine wall. Even more significant changes were found in toxocariasis-cystoisosporiasis co-infection than in toxocariasis monoinfection . In the latter case, regardless of the weight category of dogs, the changes were characterized by simultaneous thickening of the stomach wall (by 15.4–46.4%) and duodenum (by 10.3%) in dogs weighing 5–15 kg, and duondenum (by 15.1%) in dogs weighing 15–30 kg. Also, in dogs weighing 5–15 kg the thickness of the jejunum wall was reduced by 18.2–32.1%, that of the ileum as well, (by 8.0%) and the ileum wall was thinner in dogs weighing 15–30 kg (by 12.1%). It was found that all dogs infected with T. canis had a thickened submucosal layer of the stomach wall (by 42.9–50.0%) and a thinned mucosal layer of the jejunum wall (by 18.5–35.0%). In dogs weighing 5–15 and 15–30 kg, thickening of the mucous layer of the duodenal wall (by 11.1 % and 8.5%, respectively) and thinning of the jejunum wall (by 20.0 % and 37.5%, respectively) were detected. In toxocariasis-cystoisosporiasis co-infection, regardless of the weight category of dogs, the changes in the intestines were characterized by thickening of the gastric wall (by 33.3–67.9%), duodenum wall (by 20.9–26.5%) and thinning of the jejunum (by 24.2–39.3%) and ileum wall (by 8.2–15.2%). Changes in the walls occurred due to thickening of all layers of the stomach (by 13.6–80.0%), duodenum (by 12.6–75.0%), as well as thinning of all layers of the jejunum wall (by 20.0–45.0%). Thinning of the ileum wall occurred due to thinning of the mucous layer (by 24.0–40.0%). The obtained data co n firm the feasibility of using ultrasound in the assessment of structural and functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs with mono- and co-infections.

Temporal dynamics of hippocampal morphological changes in cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and prophylactic and therapeutic effects of pioglitazone

2026-05-12T16:15:42+03:00

Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity is widely investigated using experimental animal models to elucidate structural alterations of the central nervous system; however, temporal morphological changes in specific brain regions and the effectiveness of pharm a cological correction strategies remain incompletely understood. The hippocampus represents one of the most vulnerable targets of chemotherapy-induced injury due to its high metabolic activity, pronounced synaptic plasticity, and critical dependence on the integrity of neurogliovascular complexes. The present study aimed to evaluate the temporal dynamics of hippocampal morph o logical and morphometric alterations under cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and to compare the neuroprotective efficacy of pioglitazone administered in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens. The experiment was conducted on 120 sexually mature male white inbred rats. Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 mg/kg once weekly for six weeks to induce chronic cumulative neurotoxicity. Pioglitazone was administered intragastrically either prophylactically (from day – 5 to day +14 relative to the start of cisplatin treatment) or therapeutically (starting from day 3 after completion of the cisplatin course for 14 days). Morphological and morphometric analyses of the hippocampus (CA1 and CA3 regions) were performed on days 14, 28, 60, 90, and 120 using light microscopy and digital morphometry, including assessment of neuronal perikaryon area, nuclear diameter, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and neuronal density. Results demonstrated that cisplatin induced a progressive cascade of hipp o campal damage with maximal structural disorganization of the pyramidal layer on day 28, whereas prophylactic pioglitazone administration significantly preserved hippocampal cytoarchitecture and normalized key morphometric parameters more effe c tively than therapeutic treatment. At later observation periods, prophylactic pioglitazone ensured near-complete restoration of hippocampal structural organization, while therapeutic administration promoted partial stabilization without full morphological recovery. These findings indicate a clear temporal and mechanistic advantage of early PPARγ-targeted intervention in limiting cisplatin-induced hippocampal injury.

Interplay between obesity, low-grade inflammation, and hormonal biomarkers: A case-control study

2026-05-12T16:15:50+03:00

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and significant hormonal imba l ances. The aim of the research presented here was to e xplore the interrelationship between obesity, inflammation, and hormonal biomarkers, focusing on how inflammatory mediators and hormonal alterations contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity. This case-control study (Jan uary –Apr il 2024, Samarra, Iraq) included 55 obese women as subjects (BMI ≥30 kg/m², aged 24–55) and 35 healthy wo men (BMI 18.5–24.9) as controls. Participants with chronic diseases, pregnancy, or metabolic drugs were excluded. After ethical approval and consent were given , fasting blood (10 mL ) was collected for serum analysis of adipokines , inflammatory markers, insulin, ghrelin , and lipid profile using ELISA. Fas t ing glucose, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and lipid parameters (LDL-C, VLDL-C) were calculated per standard protocols. The study revealed significant differences between the obese and control groups across all parameters. Obese participants had higher BMI, lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C), and lower HDL-C. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR were elevated, while QUICKI decreased, indicating insulin resistance. There was increased adipokines ( asprosin , resistin , PAI-1) and inflamm a tory markers ( calprotectin , lipocalin-2) and reduced neuregulin-4 and ghrelin . All this confirms that there are strong relationships between obesity, dyslipidemia , inflammation, and hormonal imbalance. Chronic l ow grade inflammation and disrupted produ c tion of adipokines is strongly related with obesity, dyslipidemia , insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalance. Such alterations lead to metabolic dysfunction, elevated cardiovascular and diabetes risks, which means that early intervention and specific treatments help to restore homeostasis in metabolism.

Hypolipidemic activity in a series of new hybrids of orotic acid and 1,2,4-triazole

2026-05-12T16:15:58+03:00

Cardiovascular diseases associated with hyperlipidemia remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worl d wide. Therefore, the search for new hypolipidemic agents with improved efficacy and safety profiles remains an important task of modern pharmacology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activity of sodium 5-(2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)-4-ethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiolate (KP-372), a new hybrid derivative of orotic acid and 1,2,4-triazole, in a rat model of alimentary hyperlipidemia . Hyperlipidemia was induced in male rats by dietary administration of 4% cholesterol, 0.12% 6-methyluracil, and 25% sunflower oil for 14 days. Four groups of 10 animals each were formed: KP-372-treated, atorvastatin -treated, placebo, and intact. In the placebo-treated rats, the serum lipid profile showed clear dyslipide m ia , with cholesterol 1.84 ± 0.08 mmol /L, triglycerides 0.81 ± 0.03 mmol /L, low-density lipoproteins 0.52 ± 0.03 mmol /L, and very low-density lipoproteins 0.36 ± 0.06 mmol /L versus 1.29 ± 0.09, 0.44 ± 0.04, 0.40 ± 0.03, and 0.20 ± 0.02 mmol /L, respe c tively, in intact animals. Administration of KP-372 improved these indices to 1.49 ± 0.09 mmol /L for cholesterol, 0.53 ± 0.05 mmol /L for triglycerides, 0.39 ± 0.08 mmol /L for low-density lipoproteins, and 0.23 ± 0.02 mmol /L for very low-density lipopr o teins. In the atorvastatin group, the corresponding values were 1.50 ± 0.12, 0.44 ± 0.03, 0.52 ± 0.03, and 0.20 ± 0.02 mmol /L. Thus, KP-372 showed activity comparable to atorvastatin and a more favorable effect on low-density lipoproteins. Morpholog i cally, placebo-treated animals demonstrated the most severe hepatic lesions with vacuolar fatty degeneration, necrobiotic chan g es, vascular congestion, and cellular infiltration, whereas KP-372 treatment was associated with milder changes, mainly granular and ballooning degeneration. Molecular docking showed a higher predicted affinity of KP-372 for pancreatic lipase than for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase , with binding energies of –7.260 and –5.136 kcal/mol, respectively, supporting a mechanism more closely related to modulation of dietary lipid digestion and absorption than to a classical statin -like pathway. These findings indicate that KP-372 is a promising hypolipidemic agent.

Evaluation of the effects of occupational exposure to toxic gases on respiratory system biomarkers among oil company workers in Basra, Iraq

2026-05-12T16:16:06+03:00

Occupational exposure to toxic gases in oil industry settings poses significant risks to respiratory health, making the a s sessment of biomarkers essential for early detection of pulmonary and systemic effects among worker. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to toxic gases on respiratory system biomarkers among oil company wor k ers in Basra, Iraq. The study was a case-control investigation at Basra General Hospital involving 130 petroleum workers from three sites and 56 healthy controls, aged 28–59 years, employed >5 years, excluding smokers or those with chronic diseases. Conducted from December 2024 to July 2025, blood samples were analyzed for CC16, α-GST, KIM-1, SP-A, LDH, and CRP using ELISA, photometric, and turbidimetric assays to assess inflammatory and organ-specific biomarkers. The study showed no significant differences in age or BMI across groups or work sites. Occupational exposure to toxic gases was associated with significant increases in inflammatory markers (CRP, LDH), renal biomarkers (α-GST, KIM-1), and respiratory marker SP-A, while CC16 remained unchanged. Exposure duration and work location affected some biomarkers, particularly α-GST and SP-A. Risk assessment indicated that elevated LDH, α-GST, KIM-1, and SP-A significantly i n creased the likelihood of exposure, highlighting the impact of toxic gases on cellular, renal, and respiratory functions. Occ u pational exposure to toxic gases in oil workers significantly elevates inflammatory, renal, and respiratory biomarkers, likely due to oxidative stress and cellular damage induced by inhaled toxins. CC16 remains unaffected, suggesting selective organ-specific responses to exposure.

Atypical mycobacteria cultures isolated in different natural and geographical zones of Ukraine

2026-05-12T16:16:15+03:00

Despite Ukraine's official status as free of tuberculosis in cattle, positive tuberculin reactions continue to be recorded in herds, complicating epizootic surveillance. One of the main reasons for these reactions is the spread of non-tuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria, which circulate widely in the environment and have zoonotic potential. This study aimed to invest i gate the species composition, cultural and morphological properties, and regional characteristics of atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle in various natural and climatic zones of Ukraine. We studied 307 cultures of atypical mycobacteria is o lated from 17 regions of Ukraine. Identification was based on tinctorial, cultural-morphological, and biochemical properties, as well as comparison with reference strains of mycobacteria, using standard methods. We evaluated growth characteristics at different cultivation temperatures, pigment formation, biochemical activity, and classification according to Runyon’s classification. We determined that the isolated cultures belonged to 18 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria, classified as groups II, III, and IV according to Runyon. The most common species were Mycobacterium scrofulaceum , M. gordonae , M. intracellulare , M. smegmatis , M. phlei , and M. fortuitum . Significant regional specificity was observed: numerous fast-growing species dominated the steppe zone; the forest-steppe zone had a more limited spectrum with a predominance of M. gordonae and M. scrofulaceum ; and Polissya had mainly representatives of group IV. Photochromogenic mycobacteria of group I were not detected. Atypical mycobacteria are widespread among cattle in Ukraine, particularly on tuberculosis-free farms. The diversity of species and regional heterogeneity cause animals to be sensitized to tuberculin and exhibit false-positive reactions. This must be considered in epizootic surveillance and the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis within the “ One Health ” concept.

Effect of long-term statin therapy on liver enzymes in diabetic patients

2026-05-12T16:16:25+03:00

Statins are regularly prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to lower the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, although the risk of hepatotoxicity remains an issue. Our o bjective was to as sess the impact of statin -based long-term therapy in Iraqi adults with T2DM on liver enzymes and the factors that are related to elevated liver enzymes. Our research involved 280 adults with T2DM who received statins over 12 months, between January 2021 and Dece m ber 2025 . L iver enzyme abnormalities were defined in terms of local upper normal limits. Logistic regression was e m ployed in order to determine independent predictors of enzyme elevation. A subgroup of 96 patients had matched pre- and on statin liver tests. The mean ALT, AST and ALP, GGT and bilirubin values were or near the r eference range. The occu r rence rate of any liver enzyme elevation was 25.0% of all patients with only a few clinical ly significant elevations per parameter (less than 3%), while the incidence of acute liver failure or liver-related hospitalisation was nil. Data in multiva r iable analysis showed that NAFLD, obesity (BMI 30 kg/m2), HbA1c 9%, and high-intensity statin therapy were ind e pendently related to enzyme elevation and NAFLD had the most significant effect. In the matched group, the significant increase in ALT and AST observed after initiation of statin s was not significant. Long-term statin therapy in Iraqi patients with T2DM is generally hepatically safe. Liver enzyme abnormalities are driven mainly by underlying metabolic liver disease rather than statin exposure, supporting guideline-directed statin use with targeted follow-up liver function testing .

Association of HPV viral load, estrogen receptor α signaling, and inflammatory serum biomarkers with cervical cancer progression

2026-05-12T16:16:34+03:00

The persistence of HPV is a high-risk factor of cervical cancer development, although the development of the disease is highly dependent on estrogen receptor signaling and HPV-associated serum biomarkers that have a synergistic effect in promoting the development of malignancy. The aim of the study is examine the relationship between HPV viral load, e s trogen receptor expression, and the presence of serum biomarkers and their interactive effects in the development of cerv i cal cancer. The case control study was carried out in one of the tertiary teaching hospitals in Iraq in the period between January 2024 and January 2025 involving 100 women diagnosed with cervical cancer via histopathology and 50 age-matched healthy women as controls. ELISA and immunohistochemistry methods were used to measure serum estradiol , CA-125, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP, and high-risk HPV viral load was measured using the qPCR , after obtaining ethical a p p roval . The findings showed that there is similarity in the age distribution of the cervical cancer patients and the control with body mass index and parity being significantly higher in the former. There were significant differences in the HPV viral load and ER of high-grade cases as compared to low-grade. Patients especially with high viral load had high levels of serum estradiol , CA-125, IL-6, TNF -α, and CRP. C orrelation analysis showed that there were strong positive links between the HPV load, hormonal activity, the presence of inflammatory biomarkers, and the aggressiveness of the tumor s , demonstra t ing the combined effect of all the factors in cervical cancer development. The interplay between increased HPV viral load and estrogen receptor signaling and general systemic inflammation leads to the cervical cancer progression. High hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers probably encourag e tumor growth and aggressiveness through the effects of su p porting viral persistence, dysregulation of the immune system, and oncogenic pathways that depend on estrogen.

The regulatory and pleiotropic role of vitamin D

2026-05-12T16:17:08+03:00

Vitamin D is a multifunctional secosteroid compound that plays a key role in maintaining systemic homeostasis in humans and animals. Its active form, 1 ,25 -dihydroxyvitamin D ₃ ( calcitriol ), acts as an endocrine and autocrine modulator, influencing the expression of hundreds of genes that regulate metabolism, immune response, cell proliferation, and antiox i dant protection. In recent years, a significant amount of evidence has been accumulated indicating the pleiotropic nature of vitamin D: it is involved not only in phosphorus-calcium metabolism, but also in the regulation of the NF- κB , PI3K/ Akt / mTOR , and Wnt /β- catenin signaling cascades, which control cell survival, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and aging processes. It has been proven that adequate levels of 25(OH )D in blood plasma reduce the risk of developing autoimmune, metabolic, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases. Calcitriol inhibits excessive NF- κB activation, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17; at the same time, it activates AMPK and PTEN, inhibiting the PI3K/ Akt / mTOR pathway and promoting autophagy . By inhibiting β- catenin , vitamin D blocks the transcri p tion of proto- oncogenes , preventing excessive proliferation. Due to its effect on these signaling systems, vitamin D acts as a universal integrator of cellular responses to stress, oxidative disturbances, and inflammatory stimuli. Particular attention is paid to its effect on the antioxidant and excretory systems, where vitamin D enhances the expression of antioxidant e n zymes, reduces lipoperoxidation , and promotes the normalization of renal tubule function. In addition, epidemiological and clinical studies confirm the inverse relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of cancer, especially breast, prostate, and colon cancer. Vitamin D should be considered as a systemic regulator that integrates immune-endocrine, antioxidant, and metabolic processes, ensuring the stability of the body's functional systems. Its pleiotropic effect opens up new opportunities for the development of personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Evaluation of antifungal potential of novel quaternary aryloxyethoxy dialkyl ammonium salts against Candida strains

2026-05-12T16:17:17+03:00

The spread of resistance to antimycotic drugs among C andida , microorganisms that play an important role as pathogens of fungal origin, is a serious problem for the modern medical system. The study aimed to investigate the antifungal properties of aryl acyclic amino alcohols. Previous studies selected ten preparations with the conventional names Kc2, Kc3, Kc14, Kc15, Kc16, Kc22, Kp4, Kp8, Kp18 and Kp19. The antifungal activity of fluconazole , a m photericin B, nystatin , and the surface antiseptics miramist i n and decamethoxin was studied. Among these drugs, amphotericin B demonstrated declared efficacy against all strains. Nystatin showed variable effects, and fluconazole showed low efficacy (MIC > 10 µg/ mL ), especially against Pichia kudriavzevii ( C andida krusei ) and Nakaseomyces glabratus ( C. glabrata ). Miramistin and decamethoxin had a moderate effect only against some species (MIC 3 – 5 µg/ mL ). Compounds Kc14, Kc15, Kc16, Kp8 and Kp18 showed exceptional activity in vitro , approaching the effic a cy of amphotericin B against C. parapsilosis , C. kefir , C. tropicalis and C. utilis . Kc22 demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity. Compounds Kc2, Kc3, Kp4 and Kp19 were more effective than fluconazole , miramistin and decamethoxine , showing similar effects to nystatin . The time-kill assay confirmed the concentration dependence, showing a fungistatic effect at ¼*MIC and a rapid bactericidal effect at 2*MIC. Although the mechanisms of action have not been studied, they are likely related to the disruption of membrane integrity and metabolic processes of fu n gal cells.

Biodegradable packaging materials for food products

2026-05-12T16:17:28+03:00

Overcoming the problem of microbial recontamination of various ready-to-eat food products can be achieved through proper packaging. The paper analyzes current trends in the development of biodegradable edible coatings for food products. Strategies for improving mechanical and barrier properties by creating nanocomposites and blends with other biopolymers are considered. Special attention is paid to the concept of active packaging using essential oils and natural antioxidants, which helps to extend the shelf life and improve the quality of food products, as well as to meet the growing consumer demand for more natural and environmentally friendly products. The results of the analysis confirm the effectiveness of coatings in extending the shelf life of products and ensuring their microbiological safety. The review presents the current state of the art in the application of antimicrobial biodegradable films in food packaging, and also highlights current research on the implementation of nanotechnologies for the development of new biodegradable pac k aging systems. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the use of the developed compositions allows the shelf life of perishable products (meat, fish, dairy, fruit and berry products) to be extended for a significant period of time, depending on the composition of the coating and storage conditions, which is of great importance for the sale of goods and logistics chains.

Role of interferon-gamma and interleukin-17 in the immune response to pulmonary tuberculosis

2026-05-12T16:17:36+03:00

Interferon- gamma and interleukin-17 are important in immune response to pulmonary tuberculosis as they activate the macrophage host defense, promote cell-mediated immunity, and modulate the action of the pulmonary inflammatory processes which are essential in containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis .This study was designed to determine the co n tribution made by interferon-gamma and interleukin-17 to the immune response to pulmonary tuberculosis and measure their possible usefulness as immunological biomarkers with respect to disease activity and host defense. We conducted a case control study (April – December 2025) with 70 new patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 25 healthy age and sex controls to compare the levels of IFN-7 and IL-17. Clinical, radiological and microbiological parameters were used in the diagnosis and the severity of the disease was determined based on clinical parameters. ELISA was used to mea s ure serum IFN- gamma and IL-17. The normal hematological and inflammatory parameters including ESR and CRP were measured through the normal automated laboratory parameters following the application of stringent exclusion criteria to minimize the confounding factor. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the patients and controls except that BMI was lower in the patients with tuberculosis. Sig nifi cantly high levels of IFN-gamma and IL- 17 were related to pulmonary tuberculosis, and they escalated with the severity of the disease. The two cytokines were also linked with the duration of the symptoms, ESR, and CRP but not with BMI. The diagnostic sens i tivity of IFN- 7 and IL-17 was found to be good using ROC analysis, and the combination of the markers had the highest sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy in detecting tuberculosis. High levels of IFN-17 in pulmonary tuberculosis indicate an increase in Th1 and Th17 immune stimulation induced by the continued stimulation of mycobacterial ant i gen and thereby leading to an increase in effective host defense as well as the severity of inflammation thereby justifying its utility as mechanistically appropriate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

Climate change and the psychosomatic health of animals: Mechanisms, manifestations, and mitigation strategies

2026-05-13T09:18:30+03:00

Climate change is progressively reshaping environmental conditions in ways that significantly affect the psychosomatic health of animals across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Rising temperatures, more frequent and prolonged heat waves, altered precipitation patterns, habitat instability, nutritional stress, and the expanding distribution of pathogens and vectors create persistent environmental pressures rather than isolated acute challenges. These stressors activate sustained neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic, and behavioral responses that may initially support adaptation but, under chronic exposure, shift toward maladaptive psychosomatic outcomes. Prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic imbalance, low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupted gut-brain-immune communication collectively contribute to multisystem dysfunction. This review synthesizes current evidence on the biological pathways linking climate-related stressors with systemic dysregulation. Attention is given to neuroendocrine-immune interactions, inflammatory sensitization, metabolic strain under thermal load, and environmentally driven changes in behavioral ecology. We emphasize the role of early-life exposure and developmental programming in shaping long-term stress responsivity, as well as species-specific sensitivity thresholds and the cumulative burden of repeated environmental challenges. Clinical and subclinical manifestations of climate-induced psychosomatic disturbances are examined, including stress-associated gastrointestinal and dermatological disorders, impaired thermoregulation, reduced immune competence, reproductive disruption, and cognitive or affective abnormalities such as anxiety-like behavior and social withdrawal. Many of these conditions emerge gradually and may remain undetected without integrative monitoring. Finally, we outline practical mitig a tion strategies based on microclimate management, nutritional and metabolic resilience, behavioral stabilization, adaptive acclimation, and precision monitoring technologies for early detection of maladaptive trajectories. By integrating mechanistic insights with applied veterinary and management perspectives, this review highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches to safeguard animal health and welfare in a rapidly changing climate.

The multifunctional role of vitamin K2 in biological systems

2026-05-12T16:17:53+03:00

The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases and an aging population are driving interest in micronutrients capable of modulating coordinated metabolic and signaling networks. Vitamin K ₂ (menaquinones) is traditionally considered a cofactor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase in the vitamin K cycle, which provides γ-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins. At the same time, recent data indicate broader extrahepatic effects that link the carboxylation status of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein to bone mineralization and vascular calcification processes, as well as pointing to potential non-carboxylation mechanisms in the regulation of redox balance, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. The aim of the study was to systematize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and tissue-specific effects of vitamin K ₂ (mainly MK-4 and MK-7) in hemostasis, the bone-vessel axis, metabolic-endocrine regulation, immune-inflammatory responses, and neurobiology, identifying gaps in the evidence base for clinical translation. A narrative synthesis with elements of a scoping approach was performed based on a search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science; priority was given to randomized studies, meta-analyses, and cohort studies supported by in vitro/in vivo mechanistic data. Biomarkers of vitamin K functional status, in particular dp-ucMGP and uncarboxylated osteocalcin, were analyzed separately. Therefore, the effects of K ₂ are context-dependent and determined by the form of menaquinone, dose, duration, and baseline vitamin K status; MK-7 is characterized by more stable pharmacokinetics and better extrahepatic carboxylation. The heterogeneity of clinical outcomes justifies the need for standardized interventions, biomarker-oriented stratification, and the selection of clinically meaningful endpoints (calcification, fractures) with parallel asses s ment of redox and inflammatory signaling pathways. Promising avenues include evaluating the neu roprotective pote ntial of K ₂ in well-designed studies.

Multitarget approach to babesiosis therapy: An in vitro study of therapeutic compounds

2026-05-12T16:18:03+03:00

Babesiosis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia and represents a significant threat to veterinary health and zoonotic safety. Among the clinically most relevant species in Europe, Babesia divergens is of particular concern due to increasing reports of high prevalence, highlighting the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activity of two compounds with distinct mechanisms of action: atovaquone, a well-established inhibitor of the mitochondrial bc ₁ complex, and deferoxamine, a trivalent iron chelator with the potential to disrupt essential intracellular metabolic processes of the parasite. B. divergens was cultivated in bovine erythrocytes, and parasite growth was quantitatively assessed using DNA-specific fluorescent staining combined with flow cytometry. Atovaquone demonstrated potent antiparasitic activity at low concentrations, whereas deferoxamine exhibited moderate but statistically significant inhibitory effects at higher concentrations, likely through interference with iron-dependent metabolic pathways. Notably, combined exposure to atovaquone and deferoxamine at subtherapeutic concentrations resulted in an additive inhibitory effect, achieving over 82% suppression of parasite growth, suggesting complementary modes of action. In addition, this study highlights m e thodological challenges associated with the standardization of in vitro Babesia culture systems in Ukraine, including optimization of cultivation conditions, incubation parameters, staining protocols and analytical strategies. Collectively, these findings support the potential of multitarget approaches that simultaneously disrupt parasite energy metabolism and iron homeostasis and provide a framework for the development of novel antibabesial agents and harmonized in vitro screening methodologies.

Exploring the relationship between adipokines, cytokines, and Clostridium bacteria in the pathogenesis of cancrum oris

2026-05-12T16:18:12+03:00

Cancrum oris ( noma ) is a rapidly progressing, necrotizing orofacial infection that primarily affects malnourished chi l dren in impoverished regions. It begins as a gingival inflammation and advances to severe tissue destruction, often leading to facial disfigurement and high mortality rates. We i nvestigate the interplay of adipokines , cytokines, and Clostridium bacteria in the pathogenesis of cancrum oris to identify their roles in disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. This case-control study (September 1, 2024 – February 1, 2025) at Al- Habboubi Teaching Hospital and Nasiriyah General Hospital included 150 cancrum oris patients (60% males, 40% females) and 75 healthy controls. Clostridium spp. were isolated using b lood, MacConkey , an d anaerobic agar, id entified via biochemical tests, and quantified by colony counting. The study an a lyzed socio-demographic, adipokine , cytokine, bacterial load, hematological, and clinical parameters in cancrum oris patients and healthy controls. Patients had significantly lower socioeconomic status and higher malnutrition rates. Leptin and resistin were elevated, while adiponectin was reduced in patients. Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) were higher, while IL-10 was lower. Clostridium perfringens was significantly present in patients. Blood tests showed anemia, leukocytosis , and thrombocytosis . Oral ulceration (96%) and pain (89%) were the most severe symptoms. Cancrum oris is strongly associated with altered adipokine and cytokine levels, increased Clostridium perfringens load, and significant hematological changes, indicating immune dysregulation and severe infection. Elevated leptin and resistin suggest metabolic imbalance, while reduced adiponectin and IL-10 indicate impaired anti-inflammatory response, contributing to disease severity and tissue necrosis.

Methods of laboratory maintenance of Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera, Carabidae) when studying its diet under different conditions

2026-05-12T16:18:22+03:00

We analyzed the methods of organizing studies of nutrition biology of Pterostichus ( Morphnosoma ) melanarius ( Illiger , 1798), one of the commonest and most numerous species of the family Carabidae in forests and meadows of the Palearctic ec o systems. We considered the features of the maintenance of ground beetle imagoes under different conditions of laboratory expe r iments, noting the advantages and disadvantages. The existing methods of holding litter invertebrates used in studies were an a lyzed on the example of studying the trophic relations of P. melanarius . During a study of the range of diet and potential trophic niche of a zoophage , conducted in the absence of choice of invertebrates, it is practical to use glass Petri dishes, with sterilized moistened sand serving as a substrate. Alternatively, various types of disposable cups can be used, where ( other than sand or a thin layer of sieved soil ) the substrate can include foliage, moss, and stones from the locations of invertebrate capture. To pr e vent the invertebrates from escaping the containers, fine-mesh mosquito netting should be used, fixated with a rubber band. At the same time, determining the trophic preferences of ground beetles and the criteria by which they choose prey in the wild while having free choice of potential prey items (realized trophic niche) requires the use of plastic containers (improvised insectariums) with an optimal size of 30 × 20 cm. A fragment of trophic network is mimicked, with elements of the soil-litter mesofauna and forest litter (foliage, moss, dead tree bark) from the examined sites. The insectariums are closed with plastic covers with air holes covered with mosquito netting. Each day, all the invertebrates in the insectariums are counted to register the number of all ind i viduals consumed by the studied ground beetle. Trophic preferences established during the modeling of trophic network should be verified by visual monitoring of relatively small plastic containers, the bottom of which is covered by a thin layer of moist sand. The primary data yielded during the study should be statistically processed by means of factorial, cluster, and correlation analyzes.

Alterations in adipokine and cytokine profiles during Toxoplasma gondii infection and their role in chronic inflammation

2026-05-12T16:18:32+03:00

Toxoplasma gondii infection can modulate host immune and metabolic pathways, leading to alterations in adipokine and cytokine profiles that may contribute to persistent inflammation and the development of chronic immunological responses. This study aimed to evaluate alterations in adipokine ( leptin , adiponectin , and resistin ) and cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) profiles in patients with T . gondii infection and to investigate their potential role in the development of chronic inflammatory responses associated with the infection. This case - control study investigated alterations in adipokine and cytokine profiles in patients with Toxoplasma gondii infection and their role in chronic inflammation. The study was conducted between 23 May 2025 and 11 January 2026 in diagnostic laboratories in Thi-Qar Health Directorate, Al- Habbobi Teaching Hospital, and included 120 partic i pants: 90 infected patients and 30 healthy controls matched by age and sex. Infection was confirmed using serological detection of anti- Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. Venous blood samples were collected, serum was separated, and adipokines ( leptin , adiponectin , resistin ) and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10) were measured using ELISA. The sociodemographic chara c teristics showed no significant differences between patients with T . gondii infection and controls in age, gender distribution, BMI, residence, or smoking status, indicating comparable baseline characteristics. Infected patients exhibited significantly hig h er leptin and resistin levels and lower adiponectin levels compared with controls. Acute infection showed higher leptin , resistin , IL-6, and TNF-α, while adiponectin and IL-10 were higher in chronic infection. Significant correlations were observed between adipokines and inflammatory cytokines. Toxoplasma gondii infection significantly alters adipokine and cytokine profiles, pr o moting a pro-inflammatory state characterized by increased leptin , resistin , IL-6, and TNF-α and reduced adiponectin . Such alterations are probably due to the activation of immunometabolic dysregulation and immune activation due to parasites and the inclusion of parasites as factors in the development of chronic inflammation.

Relationship between the Bvg+ phenotype of clinical isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica and their immunogenic potential

2026-05-12T16:19:48+03:00

Bordetella bronchiseptica is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections in companion and livestock animals and is characterized by pronounced phenotypic plasticity regulated by the two-component BvgAS system. The stability of the Bvg ⁺ phase determines the level of expression of adhesive and toxigenic virulence factors; however, its applied signif i cance for the selection of production strains for inactivated vaccines remains insufficiently studied. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the stability of the Bvg ⁺ phenotype of clinical isolates of B. bronchiseptica , their adh e sion activity, dermonecrotic activity, ability to accumulate biomass, and induction of a specific humoral response. A co m prehensive phenotypic analysis of 25 clinical isolates was performed using the hemagglutination reaction, an adhesion assay with Vero cells, evaluation of dermonecrotic activity in vivo , and determination of biomass accumulation. According to the results, five isolates were classified as demonstrating a stable Bvg ⁺ phenotype. The immunogenic potential was assessed by the level of specific IgG after immunization with inactivated bacterial preparations (1 × 10 ⁸ CFU/m L before inactivation). Isolates with a stable Bvg ⁺ phenotype were characterized by higher adhesion activity (2.6 ± 0.4 vs 1.4 ± 0.5 adhesion scores), dermonecrotic activity (8.2 ± 1.1 vs 3.9 ± 0.8 mm), and biomass accumulation (8.7 ± 0.3 vs 7.8 ± 0.5 log CFU/m L ). The level of specific IgG in the Bvg ⁺ group was significantly higher (0.88 ± 0.12 vs 0.54 ± 0.11 OD ₄₅₀ ). A moderate positive correlation between dermonecrotic activity and IgG level was established (r = 0.61). ROC analysis demonstrated good pr e dictive ability of phenotypic markers (AUC = 0.84; 95% CI 0.70–0.98). The obtained results indicate that the stability of the Bvg ⁺ phenotype is associated with increased expression of virulence factors, a greater capacity for biomass accumulation, and a significantly higher induction of the humoral immune response. Phenotypic screening of Bvg ⁺ phase stability may be used as a tool for selecting promising production strains for the development of inactivated bacterial preparations.

Breaking fungal biofilms and multidrug resistance using intelligent ciclopirox-based nanotechnology: Design and experimental validation

2026-05-12T16:19:58+03:00

Fungal diseases and especially those linked to biofilms and multidrug resistance (MDR) are a growing health issue around the world, thus leading to the need to develop advanced methods of therapy. The standard antifungal treatment often does not have sufficient efficacy against such multifactorial problems. This study was intended to develop and test an intell i gent c iclopirox -based nanoplatform (CPX-NP) that would bypass mechanisms of MDR and interfere with fungal biofilms . CPX-NPs were produced by nanoprecipitation , and nanospheres with the best physicochemical properties (diameter less than 150 nm, low polydispersity , negative zeta potential) were obtained. Their action against MDR fungal isolates was investiga t ed in vitro , inclu d ing the establishment of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), efflux pump inhibition, cytotoxicity tests, and biofilm penetration tests. CPX-NPs could selectively release c iclopirox in the acidic biofilm microenvironment leading to a decrease in MIC to a maximum of eight-fold compared to free c iclopirox . The nanoplatform also exhibited sup e rior biofilm penetration, strong efflux pumping and high therapeutic selectivity index (SI = 100) which are reflective of insi g nificant cytotoxicity of the human cell. The intelligent CPX-NP platform represents a viable and effective approach to the fight against the MDR fungi infe c tion and biofilm eradication, which will subsequently result in the development of safer and more effective antifungal therapies.

Integration of immunological and hormonal biomarkers for risk stratification in ovarian carcinoma

2026-05-12T16:20:09+03:00

Ovarian carcinoma is a biologically complicated cancer which is associated with immune dysregulation and horm o nal imbalance, both of which play a role in tumor development, progression and poor clinical outcomes. Our research aimed t o assess how immunological and hormonal biomarkers can be integrated together and how they can be used in combination in risk stratification and prognosis of disease progression in patients with ovarian carcinoma. In this case control study (April 2025 to February 2026), 100 newly diagnosed patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma were ut i lized and 50 age-matched normal controls. Diagnosis was done histopathologically using WHO criteria. W omen age d from 30 to 75 years and who had never under gone any therapy before were considered; autoimmune, inflammatory, e n docrine or other malignant conditions were exclusion criteria. Blood samples were collected on fasting and stored at -80 o C. ELISA was used to mea sure IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 and CRP , whereas CLIA was used to measure estradiol , progeste r one, FSH and LH. There were no noteworthy differences between patients and control in age, BMI, and menopausal status, yet a positive family history of ovarian carcinoma was more frequent in the patient group . The m ajority of the cases showed up at advanced stages. There was significant increase in IL-6, TNF-a, IL-10 and CRP and also estradiol , FSH and LH and low progesterone. The inflammatory and hormonal levels were elevated in the advanced stages. There were very signif i cant positive correlations between biomarkers. Risk factors that were independent included IL-6, TNF-α, estradiol and family history , with progesterone being protective. Systemic inflammation and hormonal imbalance are closely rela t ed to ovarian carcinoma. Inflammatory signaling and proliferative pathways contribute to tumor progression via high levels of IL-6, TNF-α and estradiol , whereas low levels of progesterone minimize the protective action. Combining bi o logical markers of immunology and hormones enhances prognostics and risk stratification.

Serum vitamin B12 levels and some biochemical markers in Iraqi females with subclinical hypothyroidism

2026-05-12T16:20:19+03:00

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is characterized by increased conce n t r ation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while thyroid hormones (free thyroxine (T ₄ ) and free triiodothyronine (T ₃ )) conce n t r ation remain s within the reference ranges. D eficiency in vitamin B ₁₂ is common in patients with autoimmune diseases, including the thyroid disorder autoimmune hypoth y roidism. Low level s of vitamin B ₁₂ are reported in patients with hypothyroidism but with varied prevalence. Thus routine scree n ing, and early detection of vitamin B ₁₂ level c an be helpful in prevent ing the further progression of sub c linical hypothyroidism. The aim of the present study is to detect the prevalence of vitamin B ₁₂ deficiency in patients with thyroid diseases with s ubclin i cal hypothyroidism. 100 subjects divided into 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (females) and 50 control subjects whose age and sex matched the patients were i n cluded in the study. The serum levels of vitamin B ₁₂ , ferritin , TSH, free T ₃ and free T ₄ were estimated through electro chemiluminescence by a cobas e 411 analyzer fully automated to identify cases of SCH. while zinc and magnesium were estimated by semi-automated photometry . In SCH patients with t hyroid diseases , both free T ₃ and T ₄ levels were within the normal range, whereas TSH levels were in the range of 4.9 – 11.2 mIU / L . Significantly low levels of serum vitamin B ₁₂ ferritin were found in cases of subclinical hypothyroidism ( P < 0.0001). Based on the results of our study , we conclude that there is a higher prevalence of deficiency in vitamin B ₁₂ , serum zinc , serum magnesium and serum ferritin in SCH thyroid disorder patients . Hence we recommend routine laborat ory testing and early detection of vit a min B12 deficiancy would be useful in deciding appropriate management measures .

Evaluation of new winter wheat varieties in diverse environments

2026-05-12T16:20:28+03:00

Yield stability is largely determined by the ability of varieties and hybrids to withstand unfavorable environmental factors. Multi-environment variety testing is one of the most important approaches for assessing the adaptability, ecological plasticity, and stability of genotypes under contrasting growing conditions. In the present study, the grain yield of 15 winter wheat varieties was analyzed across 17 environments representing the three main natural and climatic zones of Ukraine: the Steppe, Forest-Steppe and Polissia . The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which yield is influenced by genotype, environment, and their interaction, and to identify the most stable and productive forms. Analysis of variance of the yield data showed that 29.0% of the total variability of the trait was attributable to environmental conditions, 44. 6 % to genotypic differences and 15.2 % to genotype × environment interaction. These proportions confirm the determining role of hereditary characteristics of the varietal material, while at the same time demonstrating the substantial contribution of environmental factors and the unequal response of individual genotypes under different growing conditions. The AMMI analysis showed that in the overall structure of yield variability, the leading role belonged to the genotypic component, whose share exceeded both the environmental effect and the contribution of genotype × environment interaction. This distribution of sources of variation indicates a pronounced change in varietal response depending on growing conditions and confirms that, when preparing recommendations for production, it is necessary to consider not only mean yield level but also adaptability parameters. In terms of mean yield, the best-performing varieties among those studied were Pamiati Horlacha , ZU Willem, BHV20GV0009, ZU Shamal and Slava Unavy . Particular attention should also be paid to the variety STK21G, which occupied leading positions in many environments and showed a broad adaptive potential. The highest stability of response was demonstrated by the variety HIATSYNT, which was characterized by minimal sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions, indicating its considerable ecological plasticity. The group of genotypes with relatively high stability also included Zoloto Stepu , Epos, Pamiati Horlacha and Slava Unavy . When both productivity and stability of trait e x pression are considered simultaneously, the most promising varieties for broad agricultural use are Pamiati Horlacha , Zoloto Stepu , Slava Unavy , HIATSYNT and BHV20GV0009. The zonal analysis made it possible to reveal certain features of varietal adaptation. Under Steppe conditions, represented by Dnipropetrovsk , Kirovohrad and Odesa regions, the best productivity was most often demonstrated by HIMALAYA, Slava Unavy and ZU Shamal . In addition, the variety DARYNA showed pronounced specific adaptation to the drier conditions of this zone. In the Forest-Steppe environments, the most frequent leaders were STK21G, Zoloto Stepu , Atrybut , and ZU Willem, which makes it possible to regard them as valuable genotypes for conditions of moderate moisture availability. In the Polissia zone, a high repeatability among the best-performing varieties was characteristic of Pamiati Horlacha , STK21G, Atrybut , Dnistrianka Odeska and ZU Willem. Kvitoslava and Dnistrianka Odeska should also be considered promising for this zone. In further studies, it would be advisable to focus not only on yield, but also on grain quality and yield structure components in order to more deeply assess the influence of environments and varietal material on the fo r mation of economically valuable traits.

Green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles

2026-05-12T16:20:35+03:00

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles ( AuNPs ) offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods for bi o medical applications. In this study, AuNPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), where phytochemicals acted as reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV - v isible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV - v is analysis confirmed nanoparticle formation through a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band, while XRD revealed a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. AFM and TEM analyses showed predominantly spherical AuNPs with an average particle size of 15–20 nm. The antibacterial activity of clove-mediated AuNPs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using disc diffusion, MTT, and LDH assays. The results demonstrated a clear concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, with higher sensitivity observed for Gram-positive bacteria. Increased LDH release and reduced MTT activity indicated membrane damage and decreased bacterial viability, with promising applications.