Erucic acid treatment in lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depression using ADMET properties / behaviour paradigms / interleukins pathways in rats
Keywords:
anxiety; depression; erucic acid; lipopolysaccharides; memory.
Abstract
The neuroimmune system plays a vital role in the etiology of anxiety and depression. In the current research, the aim was to investigate erucic acid's ability to counteract depression and anxiety induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Erucic acid is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and it was hypothesized that it would be able to reduce the inflammation and stress associated with LPS-induced anxiety and depression. The rats were distributed into five groups (n = 6). The impact of erucic acid with the dose administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg on anxiety depression-like behaviour was studied using the elevated plus maze test, staircase test, marble-burying behaviour, open field test, hyper emotionality, force swimming, and tail suspension test. Also, the biochemical parameters including cytokines i.e., interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 were performed. Swiss ADME, pkCSM, and ProTox-II served as as an integrated online platform for precise and complete predictions to determine ADME/T properties of erucic acid. LPS significantly increased anxiety and depression-like behaviour in rats. Erucic acid reduced the lengthening in time of immobility on LPS administration in the tail suspension test and forced swim test indicating the antidepressant type of action. Anti-anxiety effects of erucic acid were increased time spent in the open arms in the elevated plus maze test, decreased repetitive behaviors in the staircase test, marble-burying, and hyper emotionality tests. The high LD50 value (1.382) indicates that erucic acid is relatively non-toxic in acute oral exposures in rats. Erucic acid also prevented LPS-induced elevation of IL-6 and restored the IL-10 levels. It was demonstrated that erucic acid significantly attenuates LPS-induced depression and anxiety in rats. These findings suggest that erucic acid has potential antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, possibly through modulation of the neuroimmune system and inflammatory response. Erucic acid may be beneficial for neuropharmacological effects like anxiety and depression. Additionally, erucic acid may have potential benefits in treating other neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Further research is needed to better understand the potential therapeutic applications of erucic acid in neurological disorders.References
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Altinoz, M. A., & Ozpinar, A. (2019). PPAR-δ & erucic acid in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Likely benefits in terms of immunity and metabolism. International Immunopharmacology, 69, 245–256.
Arab, Z., Hosseini, M., Mashayekhi, F., & Anaeigoudari, A. (2020). Zataria multiflora extract reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depression behaviors in rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(1), 78.
Azzam, K. A. (2023). SwissADME and pkCSM webservers predictors: An inte-grated online platform for accurate and comprehensive predictions for in silico ADME/T properties of artemisinin and its derivatives. Complex Use of Mineral Resources, 325(2), 14–21.
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Farag, M. A., & Gad, M. Z. (2022). Omega-9 fatty acids: Potential roles in inflam-mation and cancer management. Journal of Genetic Engineering Biotechnolo-gy, 20(1), 1–11.
Farbstein, D., Hollander, N., Peled, O., Apter, A., Fennig, S., Haberman, Y., Gitman, H., Yaniv, I., Shkalim, V., & Pick, C. G. (2021). Social isolation in mice: Beha-vior, immunity, and tumor growth. Stress, 24(2), 229–238.
Fitzgerald, P. J., Yen, J. Y. & Watson, B. O. (2019). Stress-sensitive antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in the mouse forced swim test. PloS One, 14(4), e0215554.
Gnanasekar, N., Reddy, U., Narayanan, N., Chamundeeswari, C., & Gopal, T. (2014). Anxiolytic activity of Flacourtia indica using staircase and light dark exploration methods in mice. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 29–33.
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Jangra, A., Kwatra, M., Singh, T., Pant, R., Kushwah, P., Sharma, Y., Saroha, B., Datusalia, A. K., & Bezbaruah, B. K. (2016). Piperine augments the protective effect of curcumin against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits in mice. Inflammation, 39(3), 1025–1038.
Jangra, A., Sriram, C. S., & Lahkar, M. (2016). Lipopolysaccharide-induced beha-vioral alterations are alleviated by sodium phenylbutyrate via attenuation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory cascade. Inflammation, 39(4), 1441–1452.
Jiang, X., Liu, J., Lin, Q., Mao, K., Tian, F., Jing, C., Wang, C., Ding, L., & Pang, C. (2017). Proanthocyanidin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice via neuroinflammatory pathway. Brain Research Bulletin, 135, 40–46.
Jiang, X., Wang, G., Lin, Q., Tang, Z., Yan, Q., & Yu, X. (2019). Fucoxanthin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice via AMPK-NF-κB pathway. Metabolic Brain Disease, 34(2), 431–442.
Kim, E., Ko, H. J., Jeon, S. J., Lee, S., Lee, H. E., Kim, H. N., Woo, E.-R., & Ryu, J. H. (2016). The memory-enhancing effect of erucic acid on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry Behavior, 142, 85–90.
Kim, E., Ko, H. J., Jeon, S. J., Lee, S., Lee, H. E., Kim, H. N., Woo, E. R., & Ryu, J. H. (2016). The memory-enhancing effect of erucic acid on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Be-havior, 142, 85–90.
Kraeuter, A.-K., Guest, P. C., & Sarnyai, Z. (2019). The elevated plus maze test for measuring anxiety-like behavior in rodents. In: Guest, P. C. (Ed.). Pre-clinical models. Springer, New York. Pp. 69–74.
Lee, B., Yeom, M., Shim, I., Lee, H., & Hahm, D.-H. J. E.-B. C. (2020). Protective effects of quercetin on anxiety-like symptoms and neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Evidance-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 4892415.
Liang, X., Huang, Y., Pan, X., Hao, Y., Chen, X., Jiang, H., Li, J., Zhou, B., & Yang, Z. (2020). Erucic acid from Isatis indigotica Fort. suppresses influenza A virus replication and inflammation in vitro and in vivo through modulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathway. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10(2), 130–146.
Moraes, M. M., Galvao, M. C., Cabral, D., Coelho, C. P., Queiroz-Hazarbassanov, N., Martins, M. F., Bondan, E. F., Bernardi, M. M., & Kirsten, T. B. (2017). Propentofylline prevents sickness behavior and depressive-like behavior in-duced by lipopolysaccharide in rats via neuroinflammatory pathway. PLoS One, 12(1), e0169446.
Patil, S., Mhaiskar, A., & Mundhada, D. (2020). Protective effect of desvenlafaxine on ethanol-induced anxiety and depression in mice. The Clinical Neurologist International, 1(1), 1009.
Pires, D. E. V., Blundell, T. L., & Ascher, D. B. (2015). pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 58(9), 4066–4072.
Rossi, S., Studer, V., Motta, C., Polidoro, S., Perugini, J., Macchiarulo, G., Giovan-netti, A. M., Pareja-Gutierrez, L., Calò, A., & Colonna, I. (2017). Neuroinflam-mation drives anxiety and depression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 89(13), 1338–1347.
Rubab, S., Naeem, K., Rana, I., Khan, N., Afridi, M., Ullah, I., Shah, F. A., Sarwar, S., Ud Din, F., & Choi, H.-I. (2021). Enhanced neuroprotective and antidepressant activity of curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression and anxiety rat model. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 603, 120670.
Sayyed, N., Hafeez, A., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Omer, A. B., Alghamdi, S. A., Alghamdi, A. M., Sheikh, R. A., & Kazmi, I. (2023). Erucic acid ameliorates the lipopoly-saccharide-induced memory deficit in rats through inhibited inflammation cytokines expression/caspase 3/NF-κB pathways. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 125(9), 2200205.
Shahidpour, F., Mehrjerdi, F. Z., Mozayan, M. R., Marefati, N., & Hosseini, M. (2021). The effects of frankincense extract on depression and anxiety-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Learning and Motivation, 73, 101708.
Shao, J., Meng, L., Yang, Z., Yu, P., Song, L., Gao, Y., Gong, M., Meng, C., & Shi, H. (2020). Xenon produces rapid antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like effects in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression mice model. Neuroreport, 31(5), 387–393.
Su, K.-P., Matsuoka, Y., & Pae, C.-U. (2015). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of mood and anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 13(2), 129.
Sulakhiya, K., Keshavlal, G. P., Bezbaruah, B. B., Dwivedi, S., Gurjar, S. S., Munde, N., Jangra, A., Lahkar, M., & Gogoi, R. (2016). Lipopolysaccharide induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in mice are prevented by chronic pre-treatment of esculetin. Neuroscience Letters, 611, 106–111.
Taniguti, E., Ferreira, Y., Stupp, I., Fraga-Junior, E., Mendonça, C., Rossi, F., Ynoue, H., Doneda, D., Lopes, L., & Lima, E. (2018). Neuroprotective effect of mela-tonin against lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Physiology Behavior, 188, 270–275.
Tiftik, R. N., Temiz-Reşitoğlu, M., Güden, D. S., Bayrak, G., Ün, İ., Yılmaz, Ş. N., & Şahan-Fırat, S. (2021). Involvement of Rho-kinase/IκB-α/NF-κB activation in IL-1β-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in human chondrocytes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 99(4), 418–426.
Vetter, W., Darwisch, V., & Lehnert, K. (2020). Erucic acid in Brassicaceae and salmon – An evaluation of the new proposed limits of erucic acid in food. NFS Journal, 19, 9–15.
Warner, D. J., & Lewis, K. A. (2019). Evaluation of the risks of contaminating low erucic acid rapeseed with high erucic rapeseed and identification of mitigation strategies. Agriculture, 9(9), 190.
Wilkerson, J. L., Curry, Z. A., Kinlow, P. D., Mason, B. L., Hsu, K.-L., Van Der Stelt, M., Cravatt, B. F., & Lichtman, A. H. (2018). Evaluation of different drug classes on transient sciatic nerve injury-depressed marble burying in mice. Pain, 159(6), 1155.
Yang, T. Y., Jang, E. Y., Ryu, Y., Lee, G. W., Lee, E. B., Chang, S., Lee, J. H., Koo, J. S., Yang, C. H., & Kim, H. Y. (2017). Effect of acupuncture on lipopolysac-charide-induced anxiety-like behavioral changes: Involvement of serotonin system in dorsal Raphe nucleus. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 1–8.
Zhang, L., Previn, R., Lu, L., Liao, R.-F., Jin, Y., & Wang, R.-K. (2018). Crocin, a natural product attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors through suppressing NF-kB and NLRP3 signaling pathway. Brain Research Bulletin, 142, 352–359.
Zhao, J., Bi, W., Xiao, S., Lan, X., Cheng, X., Zhang, J., Lu, D., Wei, W., Wang, Y., & Li, H. (2019). Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–12.
Zhu, L., Wei, T., Gao, J., Chang, X., He, H., Miao, M., & Yan, T. (2015). Salidroside attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced serum cytokines and depressive-like behavior in mice. Neuroscience Letters, 606, 1–6.
Afzal, M., Kazmi, I., Quazi, A. M., Khan, S. A., Zafar, A., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Imam, F., Alharbi, K. S., Alzarea, S. I., & Yadav, N. (2021). 6-Shogaol attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced anxiety/depression-like behavior via inhibition of oxidative stress-influenced expressions of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and BDNF: Insight into the mechanism. ACS Omega. 7(1), 140–148.
Afzal, M., Kazmi, I., Quazi, A. M., Khan, S. A., Zafar, A., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Imam, F., Alharbi, K. S., Alzarea, S. I., & Yadav, N. (2022). 6-Shogaol attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced anxiety/depression-like behavior via inhibition of oxidative stress-influenced expressions of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and BDNF: Insight into the mechanism. ACS Omega, 7(1), 140–148.
Altinoz, M. A., & Ozpinar, A. (2019). PPAR-δ & erucic acid in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Likely benefits in terms of immunity and metabolism. International Immunopharmacology, 69, 245–256.
Arab, Z., Hosseini, M., Mashayekhi, F., & Anaeigoudari, A. (2020). Zataria multiflora extract reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depression behaviors in rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(1), 78.
Azzam, K. A. (2023). SwissADME and pkCSM webservers predictors: An inte-grated online platform for accurate and comprehensive predictions for in silico ADME/T properties of artemisinin and its derivatives. Complex Use of Mineral Resources, 325(2), 14–21.
Banerjee, P., Eckert, A. O., Schrey, A. K., & Preissner, R. (2018). ProTox-II: A webserver for the prediction of toxicity of chemicals. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(W1), W257-W263.
Beheshti, F., Hashemzehi, M., Hosseini, M., Marefati, N., & Memarpour, S. (2020). Inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a role in depression-and anxiety-like behaviors chronically induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats: Evidence from inflammation and oxidative stress. Behavioural Brain Research, 392, 112720.
Belovicova, K., Bogi, E., Csatlosova, K., & Dubovicky, M. (2017). Animal tests for anxiety-like and depression-like behavior in rats. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 10(1), 40–43.
Wani, A. L., Bhat, S. A., & Ara, A. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids and the treatment of depression: A review of scientific evidence. Integrative Medicine Research, 4(3), 132–141.
Bouguiyoud, N., Roullet, F., Bronchti, G., Frasnelli, J., & Al Aïn, S. (2022). Anxiety and depression assessments in a mouse model of congenital blindness. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2022, 15.
Da Ré, C., Souza, J. M., Fróes, F., Taday, J., Dos Santos, J. P., Rodrigues, L., Sester-heim, P., Gonçalves, C. A., & Leite, M. C. (2020). Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide leads to memory impairment and alterations in hippocampal leptin signaling. Behavioural Brain Research, 379, 112360.
Daina, A., Michielin, O., & Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 42717.
De Brouwer, G., Fick, A., Harvey, B. H., & Wolmarans, D. W. (2019). A critical inquiry into marble-burying as a preclinical screening paradigm of relevance for anxiety and obsessive – compulsive disorder: Mapping the way forward. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 19(1), 1–39.
Farag, M. A., & Gad, M. Z. (2022). Omega-9 fatty acids: Potential roles in inflam-mation and cancer management. Journal of Genetic Engineering Biotechnolo-gy, 20(1), 1–11.
Farbstein, D., Hollander, N., Peled, O., Apter, A., Fennig, S., Haberman, Y., Gitman, H., Yaniv, I., Shkalim, V., & Pick, C. G. (2021). Social isolation in mice: Beha-vior, immunity, and tumor growth. Stress, 24(2), 229–238.
Fitzgerald, P. J., Yen, J. Y. & Watson, B. O. (2019). Stress-sensitive antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in the mouse forced swim test. PloS One, 14(4), e0215554.
Gnanasekar, N., Reddy, U., Narayanan, N., Chamundeeswari, C., & Gopal, T. (2014). Anxiolytic activity of Flacourtia indica using staircase and light dark exploration methods in mice. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 29–33.
Hirschtritt, M. E., Bloch, M. H., & Mathews, C. A. (2017). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the American Medi-cal Association, 317(13), 1358–1367.
Jangra, A., Kwatra, M., Singh, T., Pant, R., Kushwah, P., Sharma, Y., Saroha, B., Datusalia, A. K., & Bezbaruah, B. K. (2016). Piperine augments the protective effect of curcumin against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits in mice. Inflammation, 39(3), 1025–1038.
Jangra, A., Sriram, C. S., & Lahkar, M. (2016). Lipopolysaccharide-induced beha-vioral alterations are alleviated by sodium phenylbutyrate via attenuation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory cascade. Inflammation, 39(4), 1441–1452.
Jiang, X., Liu, J., Lin, Q., Mao, K., Tian, F., Jing, C., Wang, C., Ding, L., & Pang, C. (2017). Proanthocyanidin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice via neuroinflammatory pathway. Brain Research Bulletin, 135, 40–46.
Jiang, X., Wang, G., Lin, Q., Tang, Z., Yan, Q., & Yu, X. (2019). Fucoxanthin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice via AMPK-NF-κB pathway. Metabolic Brain Disease, 34(2), 431–442.
Kim, E., Ko, H. J., Jeon, S. J., Lee, S., Lee, H. E., Kim, H. N., Woo, E.-R., & Ryu, J. H. (2016). The memory-enhancing effect of erucic acid on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry Behavior, 142, 85–90.
Kim, E., Ko, H. J., Jeon, S. J., Lee, S., Lee, H. E., Kim, H. N., Woo, E. R., & Ryu, J. H. (2016). The memory-enhancing effect of erucic acid on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Be-havior, 142, 85–90.
Kraeuter, A.-K., Guest, P. C., & Sarnyai, Z. (2019). The elevated plus maze test for measuring anxiety-like behavior in rodents. In: Guest, P. C. (Ed.). Pre-clinical models. Springer, New York. Pp. 69–74.
Lee, B., Yeom, M., Shim, I., Lee, H., & Hahm, D.-H. J. E.-B. C. (2020). Protective effects of quercetin on anxiety-like symptoms and neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Evidance-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 4892415.
Liang, X., Huang, Y., Pan, X., Hao, Y., Chen, X., Jiang, H., Li, J., Zhou, B., & Yang, Z. (2020). Erucic acid from Isatis indigotica Fort. suppresses influenza A virus replication and inflammation in vitro and in vivo through modulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathway. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10(2), 130–146.
Moraes, M. M., Galvao, M. C., Cabral, D., Coelho, C. P., Queiroz-Hazarbassanov, N., Martins, M. F., Bondan, E. F., Bernardi, M. M., & Kirsten, T. B. (2017). Propentofylline prevents sickness behavior and depressive-like behavior in-duced by lipopolysaccharide in rats via neuroinflammatory pathway. PLoS One, 12(1), e0169446.
Patil, S., Mhaiskar, A., & Mundhada, D. (2020). Protective effect of desvenlafaxine on ethanol-induced anxiety and depression in mice. The Clinical Neurologist International, 1(1), 1009.
Pires, D. E. V., Blundell, T. L., & Ascher, D. B. (2015). pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 58(9), 4066–4072.
Rossi, S., Studer, V., Motta, C., Polidoro, S., Perugini, J., Macchiarulo, G., Giovan-netti, A. M., Pareja-Gutierrez, L., Calò, A., & Colonna, I. (2017). Neuroinflam-mation drives anxiety and depression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 89(13), 1338–1347.
Rubab, S., Naeem, K., Rana, I., Khan, N., Afridi, M., Ullah, I., Shah, F. A., Sarwar, S., Ud Din, F., & Choi, H.-I. (2021). Enhanced neuroprotective and antidepressant activity of curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression and anxiety rat model. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 603, 120670.
Sayyed, N., Hafeez, A., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Omer, A. B., Alghamdi, S. A., Alghamdi, A. M., Sheikh, R. A., & Kazmi, I. (2023). Erucic acid ameliorates the lipopoly-saccharide-induced memory deficit in rats through inhibited inflammation cytokines expression/caspase 3/NF-κB pathways. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 125(9), 2200205.
Shahidpour, F., Mehrjerdi, F. Z., Mozayan, M. R., Marefati, N., & Hosseini, M. (2021). The effects of frankincense extract on depression and anxiety-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Learning and Motivation, 73, 101708.
Shao, J., Meng, L., Yang, Z., Yu, P., Song, L., Gao, Y., Gong, M., Meng, C., & Shi, H. (2020). Xenon produces rapid antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like effects in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression mice model. Neuroreport, 31(5), 387–393.
Su, K.-P., Matsuoka, Y., & Pae, C.-U. (2015). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of mood and anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 13(2), 129.
Sulakhiya, K., Keshavlal, G. P., Bezbaruah, B. B., Dwivedi, S., Gurjar, S. S., Munde, N., Jangra, A., Lahkar, M., & Gogoi, R. (2016). Lipopolysaccharide induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in mice are prevented by chronic pre-treatment of esculetin. Neuroscience Letters, 611, 106–111.
Taniguti, E., Ferreira, Y., Stupp, I., Fraga-Junior, E., Mendonça, C., Rossi, F., Ynoue, H., Doneda, D., Lopes, L., & Lima, E. (2018). Neuroprotective effect of mela-tonin against lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Physiology Behavior, 188, 270–275.
Tiftik, R. N., Temiz-Reşitoğlu, M., Güden, D. S., Bayrak, G., Ün, İ., Yılmaz, Ş. N., & Şahan-Fırat, S. (2021). Involvement of Rho-kinase/IκB-α/NF-κB activation in IL-1β-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in human chondrocytes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 99(4), 418–426.
Vetter, W., Darwisch, V., & Lehnert, K. (2020). Erucic acid in Brassicaceae and salmon – An evaluation of the new proposed limits of erucic acid in food. NFS Journal, 19, 9–15.
Warner, D. J., & Lewis, K. A. (2019). Evaluation of the risks of contaminating low erucic acid rapeseed with high erucic rapeseed and identification of mitigation strategies. Agriculture, 9(9), 190.
Wilkerson, J. L., Curry, Z. A., Kinlow, P. D., Mason, B. L., Hsu, K.-L., Van Der Stelt, M., Cravatt, B. F., & Lichtman, A. H. (2018). Evaluation of different drug classes on transient sciatic nerve injury-depressed marble burying in mice. Pain, 159(6), 1155.
Yang, T. Y., Jang, E. Y., Ryu, Y., Lee, G. W., Lee, E. B., Chang, S., Lee, J. H., Koo, J. S., Yang, C. H., & Kim, H. Y. (2017). Effect of acupuncture on lipopolysac-charide-induced anxiety-like behavioral changes: Involvement of serotonin system in dorsal Raphe nucleus. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 1–8.
Zhang, L., Previn, R., Lu, L., Liao, R.-F., Jin, Y., & Wang, R.-K. (2018). Crocin, a natural product attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors through suppressing NF-kB and NLRP3 signaling pathway. Brain Research Bulletin, 142, 352–359.
Zhao, J., Bi, W., Xiao, S., Lan, X., Cheng, X., Zhang, J., Lu, D., Wei, W., Wang, Y., & Li, H. (2019). Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–12.
Zhu, L., Wei, T., Gao, J., Chang, X., He, H., Miao, M., & Yan, T. (2015). Salidroside attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced serum cytokines and depressive-like behavior in mice. Neuroscience Letters, 606, 1–6.
Published
2024-01-27
How to Cite
Sayyed, N., Hafeez, A., Kumar, U., Deva, V., Ahmad, S., & Kazmi, I. (2024). Erucic acid treatment in lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depression using ADMET properties / behaviour paradigms / interleukins pathways in rats . Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 15(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.15421/022410
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