Phytochemical analysis of Aronia melanocarpa and ×Sorbaronia fallax fruit
Keywords:
intergeneric hybrids; chokeberry; ascorbic acid; polyphenols; anthocyanidins; flavonoids; chalcones
Abstract
Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott, ×Sorbaronia fallax (C. K. Schneid.) C. K. Schneid. nothosubsp. fallax, and ×Sorbaronia fallax nothosubsp. mitschurinii (A. Skvortsov & Maitul.) A.Stalažs, belonging to the Rosaceae family, are grown as fruit plants. They are known to horticulturists as garden chokeberry or black chokeberry. The fruit of these species is the richest source of biophenols in the plant kingdom and suitable raw material for the production of functional foods with high nutraceutical value. The work aimed to examine the basic and polyphenolic composition of fruit chokeberry and rowan-chokeberry hybrids of different taxonomic groups. Experimental plants were grown at the orchard of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine in the Kyiv region. Fruit of 10 cultivars developed in Belorussia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, and the USA were collected during 2020 and 2021. The fruit was analyzed for dry matter, soluble solids, sugars, pectin substances, organic titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and biophenols. Chokeberry fruit contains on average 24.4–29.2% dry matter, 16.0–21.1% soluble solids, 6.5–8.9% sugars, 0.40–0.80% pectin, and 0.95–2.15% organic acids on raw material. Bioactive components of chokeberry fruit are ascorbic acid (24.7–45.9 mg/100 g), total polyphenols (998–4840 mg/100 g), including anthocyanidins (9–217 mg/100 g), flavonoids (23–1422 mg/100 g), and chalcones (9–59 mg/100 g). If the group ×S. fallax nothosubsp. mitschurinii cultivars is morphologically constant and like A. melanocarpa simple in leaf shape, then the group ×S. fallax nothosubsp. fallax cultivars was different in the morphology of leaves from lobate to pinnate and fruit color from purple to black in the study. Chokeberry fruit composition varied between each year and especially between taxonomic groups and cultivars. Fruit harvested in 2021 had the lowest dry matter, soluble solid, sugars, and ascorbic acid in comparison with 2020. In contrast, titrated acidity was consistent between years. The fruit of garden chokeberries is a good source of ascorbic acid. ×S. fallax cultivars with the exception ‘Titan’ are richer on ascorbic acid. The fruit of A. melanocarpa ‘Dwarf’ has the highest content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and chalcones. There are significant differences between ×S. mitschurinii cultivars in biochemical content. Purple-fruited ‘Titan’ has the lowest content of all biologically active substances, than other cultivars belonging to the same ×S. fallax taxonomic group. The black-fruited ×S. fallax nothosubsp. fallax genotypes, including the first chokeberry cultivar ‘Vseslava’ of Ukrainian breeding, often have a high or the highest content of ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, and chalcones, which is valuable for garden chokeberry breeding.References
Brand, M. H., Connolly, B. A., Levine, L. H., Richards, J. T., Shine, S. M., & Spenc-er, L. E. (2017). Anthocyanins, total phenolics, ORAC and moisture content of wild and cultivated dark-fruited Aronia species. Scientia Horticulturae, 224, 332–342.
Brand, M. H., Obae, S. G., Mahoney, J. D., & Connolly, B. A. (2022). Ploidy, genetic diversity and speciation of the genus Aronia. Scientia Horticulturae, 291, 10604.
Denev, P. N., Kratchanov, C. G., Ciz, M., Lojek, A., & Kratchanova, M. G. (2012). Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of black chokeberry (Aronia melano-carpa) polyphenols: In vitro and in vivo evidences and possible mechanisms of action: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 11, 471–489.
Denev, P., Kratchanova, M., Petrova, I., Klisurova, D., Georgiev, Y., Ognyanov, M., & Yanakieva, I. (2018). Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) El-liot) fruits and functional drinks differ significantly in their chemical composi-tion and antioxidant activity. Hindawi Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 9574587.
Evarte-Bunrdee, G., Evarts-Bunders, P., Mežaka, A., & Bojāre, A. (2022). Alien trees and shrubs of Latvia – evaluation of current status and invasiveness. Forestry Studies, 76, 1–20.
Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N., Turner, R., & Paton, A. (2021) The world checklist of vascular plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. Scientific Data, 8, 215.
Green, B. V., Aroh, B., Fiorellino, N. M., Ristvey, A. G., & Volkis, V. V. (2023). Effect of cultural management and plant age on the yield, Brix, and antioxidant content of Aronia mitschurinii grown in Maryland. ACS Omega, 8, 4060–4071.
Hwang, S. J., Yoon, W. B., Lee, O. H., Cha, S. J., & Kim, J. D. (2014). Radical-scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of extracts from black chokeberry and blueberry cultivated in Korea. Food Chemistry, 146, 71–77.
Jeppsson, N. (1999). Evaluation of black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa, germplasm for production of natural food colourants. Acta Horticulturae, 484, 193–198.
Jeppsson, N. (2000). The effect of cultivar and cracking on fruit quality in black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) and hybrids between chokeberry and rowan (Sorbus). Gartenbauwissenschaft, 65, 93–98.
Jeppsson, N., & Johansson, R. (2000). Changes in fruit quality in black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) during maturation. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 75, 340–350.
Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Škrovánková, S., Sumczynski, D., Sochor, J., Hlavacova, I., Snopek, L., & Orsavová, J. (2017). Fruits of black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa in the prevention of chronic diseases. Molecules, 22, 944.
King, E. S., & Bolling, B. W. (2020). Composition, polyphenol bioavailability, and health benefits of Aronia berry: A review. Journal of Food Bioactives, 11, 13–30.
Kondratenko, P. V., Shevchuk, L. M., & Levchuk, L. M. (2008). Metodyka otsinky yakosti plodovo-yahidnoi produktsii [Methods for assessing the quality of fruit and berry products]. S. I. Zhyteliev, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Kulling, S. E., & Rawel, H. M. (2008). Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) – A review on the characteristic components and potential health effects. Planta Me-dica, 74, 1625–1634.
Leonard, P. J., Brand, M. H., Connolly, B. A., & Obae, S. G. (2013). Investigation of the origin of Aronia mitschurinii using amplified fragment length polymor-phism analysis. Hort Science, 48(5), 520–524.
Mezhenskyj, V. M. (2019). Collecting sorboid plants for their horticultural merit and use in breeding work in Ukraine. Acta Horticulturae, 1259, 25–30.
Mezhenskyj, V. M. (2021). Progress in Japanese quinces breeding in Ukraine. Acta Horticulturae, 1307, 35–42.
Mezhenskyj, V. M., & Mezhenska, L. O. (2023). Henetychni resursy plodovykh i dekoratyvnykh roskyn [Genetic resources of fruit and ornamental crops]. Part 1. Lira-K, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Michurin, I. V. (1932). Itogi poluvekovykh rabot po vyvedeniyu novykh sortov plodovykh rastenij [Results of half a century of work on breeding new varieties of fruit plants]. Vol. 2. Selkhozizdat, Moscow, Leningrad (in Russian).
Ochmian, I., Grajkowski, J., & Smolik, M. (2012). Comparison of some morphological features, quality and chemical content of four cultivars of chokeberry fruits (Aronia melanocarpa). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 40(1), 253–260.
Oszmiański, J., & Sapis, J. C. (1988). Anthocyanins in fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Chokeberry). Journal of Food Science, 53, 1241–1242.
Oszmiański, J., & Wojdylo, A. (2005). Aronia melanocarpa phenolics and their antioxidant activity. European Food Research and Technology, 221, 809–813.
Persson Hovmalm, H. A., Jeppsson, N., Bartish, I. V., & Nybom, H. (2004). RAPD analysis of diploid and tetraploid populations of Aronia points to different reproductive strategies within the genus. Hereditas, 141(3), 301–312.
Persson, H. A., Jeppsson, N., & Nybom, H. (2001). Genetic variation in wild and cultivated material of black chokeberry. Acta Horticulturae, 546, 253–255.
Pirc, H. (2015). Enzyklopädie der Wilodobst- und Selteren Obstarten. Graz, Stutt-gary, Leopold Stocker Verag.
Poyraz Engin, S., & Mert, C. (2020). The effects of harvest time on the physico-chemical components of aronia berry. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44, 361–370.
Schneider, C. K. (1906a). Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Schneider, C. K. (1906b). Species varietatesque Pomacearum novae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, 3, 134–137.
Sennikov, A. N., & Phipps, J. B. (2013). Atlas Florae Europaeae notes, 19–22. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic adjustments in some native and introduced species of Malinae (Rosaceae) in Europe. Willdenowia, 43, 33–44.
Shevchuk, L. M., Grynyk, I. V., Levchuk, L. M., Yareshcenko, O. M., Tereshcenko, Y. Y., & Babenko, S. M. (2021). Biochemical contents of highbush blueberry fruits grown in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Agronomy Research, 19(1), 232–249.
Shevchuk, L., Tereshchenko, Y., Vintskovska, Y., Levchuk, L., Babenko, S., & Hrynyk, R. (2022). Yield and content of biologically active substances in blue honeysuckle fruit (Lonicera caerulea L.) grown in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Agronomy Research, 20(4), 814–824.
Shipunov, A., Gladkova, S., Timoshina, P., Lee, H. J., Choi, J., Despiegelaere, S., & Connolly, B. (2019). Mysterious chokeberries: New data on the diversity and phylogeny of Aronia Medik. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 570, 1–14.
Sidor, A., & Gramza-Michałowska, A. (2019). Black chokeberry Aronia melano-carpa L. – a qualitative composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant potential. Molecules, 24(20), 3710.
Skvortsov, A. K., & Maitulina, Y. K. (1982). Ob otlichiyah kul'turnoj chernoplodnoj aronii ot eyo dikih rodonachal'nikov [On the differences between cultivated chokeberry and its wild ancestors]. Bulletin Main Botanical Garden, 126, 35–40 (in Russian).
Skvortsov, A. K., Maitulina, Y. K., & Gorbunov, Y. N. (1983). O meste, vremeni i vozmozhnom mexanizme vozniknoveniya kul'turnoj chernoplodnoj aronii [About place, time, and probable mechanism of formation of cultivated black chokeberry]. Byulleten’ Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelej Prirody, Otde-lenie Biologicheskoe, 88(3), 88–96 (in Russian).
Stalažs, A., & Bādere, A. (2023). ×Sorbaronia fallax (C.K.Schneid.) C.K.Schneid. nothosubsp. mitschurinii (A.K.Skvortsov & Maitul.) nothosubsp. nov., with taxonomical notes on Aronia ×prunifolia ‘Floribunda’ sensu Cinovskis (Ma-leae, Amygdaloideae, Rosaceae). Phytotaxa, 630(3), 171–182.
Taheri, R., Connolly, B. A., Brand, M. H., & Bolling, B. W. (2013). Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 8581–8588.
Tanaka, T., & Tanaka, A. (2001). Chemical components and characteristics of black chokeberry. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi, 48, 606–610.
Tasinov, O., Dincheva, I., Badjakov, I., Grupcheva, C., & Galunska, B. (2022). Comparative phytochemical analysis of Aronia melanocarpa L. fruit juices on Bulgarian Market. Plants, 11, 1655.
Trenka, M., Nawirska-Olszańsk, A., & Oziembłowski, M. (2020). Analysis of selected properties of fruits of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) from organic and conventional cultivation. Applied Sciences, 10, 9096.
Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J., & Smith, G. F. (Eds.). (2018). International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenz-hen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenz-hen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten.
Yang, H., Kim, Y. J., & Shin, Y. (2019). Influence of ripening stage and cultivar on physicochemical properties and antioxidant compositions of Aronia grown in South Korea. Foods, 8, 598.
Brand, M. H., Obae, S. G., Mahoney, J. D., & Connolly, B. A. (2022). Ploidy, genetic diversity and speciation of the genus Aronia. Scientia Horticulturae, 291, 10604.
Denev, P. N., Kratchanov, C. G., Ciz, M., Lojek, A., & Kratchanova, M. G. (2012). Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of black chokeberry (Aronia melano-carpa) polyphenols: In vitro and in vivo evidences and possible mechanisms of action: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 11, 471–489.
Denev, P., Kratchanova, M., Petrova, I., Klisurova, D., Georgiev, Y., Ognyanov, M., & Yanakieva, I. (2018). Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) El-liot) fruits and functional drinks differ significantly in their chemical composi-tion and antioxidant activity. Hindawi Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 9574587.
Evarte-Bunrdee, G., Evarts-Bunders, P., Mežaka, A., & Bojāre, A. (2022). Alien trees and shrubs of Latvia – evaluation of current status and invasiveness. Forestry Studies, 76, 1–20.
Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N., Turner, R., & Paton, A. (2021) The world checklist of vascular plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. Scientific Data, 8, 215.
Green, B. V., Aroh, B., Fiorellino, N. M., Ristvey, A. G., & Volkis, V. V. (2023). Effect of cultural management and plant age on the yield, Brix, and antioxidant content of Aronia mitschurinii grown in Maryland. ACS Omega, 8, 4060–4071.
Hwang, S. J., Yoon, W. B., Lee, O. H., Cha, S. J., & Kim, J. D. (2014). Radical-scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of extracts from black chokeberry and blueberry cultivated in Korea. Food Chemistry, 146, 71–77.
Jeppsson, N. (1999). Evaluation of black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa, germplasm for production of natural food colourants. Acta Horticulturae, 484, 193–198.
Jeppsson, N. (2000). The effect of cultivar and cracking on fruit quality in black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) and hybrids between chokeberry and rowan (Sorbus). Gartenbauwissenschaft, 65, 93–98.
Jeppsson, N., & Johansson, R. (2000). Changes in fruit quality in black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) during maturation. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 75, 340–350.
Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Škrovánková, S., Sumczynski, D., Sochor, J., Hlavacova, I., Snopek, L., & Orsavová, J. (2017). Fruits of black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa in the prevention of chronic diseases. Molecules, 22, 944.
King, E. S., & Bolling, B. W. (2020). Composition, polyphenol bioavailability, and health benefits of Aronia berry: A review. Journal of Food Bioactives, 11, 13–30.
Kondratenko, P. V., Shevchuk, L. M., & Levchuk, L. M. (2008). Metodyka otsinky yakosti plodovo-yahidnoi produktsii [Methods for assessing the quality of fruit and berry products]. S. I. Zhyteliev, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Kulling, S. E., & Rawel, H. M. (2008). Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) – A review on the characteristic components and potential health effects. Planta Me-dica, 74, 1625–1634.
Leonard, P. J., Brand, M. H., Connolly, B. A., & Obae, S. G. (2013). Investigation of the origin of Aronia mitschurinii using amplified fragment length polymor-phism analysis. Hort Science, 48(5), 520–524.
Mezhenskyj, V. M. (2019). Collecting sorboid plants for their horticultural merit and use in breeding work in Ukraine. Acta Horticulturae, 1259, 25–30.
Mezhenskyj, V. M. (2021). Progress in Japanese quinces breeding in Ukraine. Acta Horticulturae, 1307, 35–42.
Mezhenskyj, V. M., & Mezhenska, L. O. (2023). Henetychni resursy plodovykh i dekoratyvnykh roskyn [Genetic resources of fruit and ornamental crops]. Part 1. Lira-K, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Michurin, I. V. (1932). Itogi poluvekovykh rabot po vyvedeniyu novykh sortov plodovykh rastenij [Results of half a century of work on breeding new varieties of fruit plants]. Vol. 2. Selkhozizdat, Moscow, Leningrad (in Russian).
Ochmian, I., Grajkowski, J., & Smolik, M. (2012). Comparison of some morphological features, quality and chemical content of four cultivars of chokeberry fruits (Aronia melanocarpa). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 40(1), 253–260.
Oszmiański, J., & Sapis, J. C. (1988). Anthocyanins in fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Chokeberry). Journal of Food Science, 53, 1241–1242.
Oszmiański, J., & Wojdylo, A. (2005). Aronia melanocarpa phenolics and their antioxidant activity. European Food Research and Technology, 221, 809–813.
Persson Hovmalm, H. A., Jeppsson, N., Bartish, I. V., & Nybom, H. (2004). RAPD analysis of diploid and tetraploid populations of Aronia points to different reproductive strategies within the genus. Hereditas, 141(3), 301–312.
Persson, H. A., Jeppsson, N., & Nybom, H. (2001). Genetic variation in wild and cultivated material of black chokeberry. Acta Horticulturae, 546, 253–255.
Pirc, H. (2015). Enzyklopädie der Wilodobst- und Selteren Obstarten. Graz, Stutt-gary, Leopold Stocker Verag.
Poyraz Engin, S., & Mert, C. (2020). The effects of harvest time on the physico-chemical components of aronia berry. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44, 361–370.
Schneider, C. K. (1906a). Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Schneider, C. K. (1906b). Species varietatesque Pomacearum novae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, 3, 134–137.
Sennikov, A. N., & Phipps, J. B. (2013). Atlas Florae Europaeae notes, 19–22. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic adjustments in some native and introduced species of Malinae (Rosaceae) in Europe. Willdenowia, 43, 33–44.
Shevchuk, L. M., Grynyk, I. V., Levchuk, L. M., Yareshcenko, O. M., Tereshcenko, Y. Y., & Babenko, S. M. (2021). Biochemical contents of highbush blueberry fruits grown in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Agronomy Research, 19(1), 232–249.
Shevchuk, L., Tereshchenko, Y., Vintskovska, Y., Levchuk, L., Babenko, S., & Hrynyk, R. (2022). Yield and content of biologically active substances in blue honeysuckle fruit (Lonicera caerulea L.) grown in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Agronomy Research, 20(4), 814–824.
Shipunov, A., Gladkova, S., Timoshina, P., Lee, H. J., Choi, J., Despiegelaere, S., & Connolly, B. (2019). Mysterious chokeberries: New data on the diversity and phylogeny of Aronia Medik. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 570, 1–14.
Sidor, A., & Gramza-Michałowska, A. (2019). Black chokeberry Aronia melano-carpa L. – a qualitative composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant potential. Molecules, 24(20), 3710.
Skvortsov, A. K., & Maitulina, Y. K. (1982). Ob otlichiyah kul'turnoj chernoplodnoj aronii ot eyo dikih rodonachal'nikov [On the differences between cultivated chokeberry and its wild ancestors]. Bulletin Main Botanical Garden, 126, 35–40 (in Russian).
Skvortsov, A. K., Maitulina, Y. K., & Gorbunov, Y. N. (1983). O meste, vremeni i vozmozhnom mexanizme vozniknoveniya kul'turnoj chernoplodnoj aronii [About place, time, and probable mechanism of formation of cultivated black chokeberry]. Byulleten’ Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelej Prirody, Otde-lenie Biologicheskoe, 88(3), 88–96 (in Russian).
Stalažs, A., & Bādere, A. (2023). ×Sorbaronia fallax (C.K.Schneid.) C.K.Schneid. nothosubsp. mitschurinii (A.K.Skvortsov & Maitul.) nothosubsp. nov., with taxonomical notes on Aronia ×prunifolia ‘Floribunda’ sensu Cinovskis (Ma-leae, Amygdaloideae, Rosaceae). Phytotaxa, 630(3), 171–182.
Taheri, R., Connolly, B. A., Brand, M. H., & Bolling, B. W. (2013). Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 8581–8588.
Tanaka, T., & Tanaka, A. (2001). Chemical components and characteristics of black chokeberry. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi, 48, 606–610.
Tasinov, O., Dincheva, I., Badjakov, I., Grupcheva, C., & Galunska, B. (2022). Comparative phytochemical analysis of Aronia melanocarpa L. fruit juices on Bulgarian Market. Plants, 11, 1655.
Trenka, M., Nawirska-Olszańsk, A., & Oziembłowski, M. (2020). Analysis of selected properties of fruits of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) from organic and conventional cultivation. Applied Sciences, 10, 9096.
Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J., & Smith, G. F. (Eds.). (2018). International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenz-hen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenz-hen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten.
Yang, H., Kim, Y. J., & Shin, Y. (2019). Influence of ripening stage and cultivar on physicochemical properties and antioxidant compositions of Aronia grown in South Korea. Foods, 8, 598.
Published
2024-01-23
How to Cite
Mezhenskyj, V. M., Shevchuk, L. M., Kovalchuk, S. P., Havryliuk, O. S., Levchuk, L. M., Babenko, S. M., & Vintskovska, Y. Y. (2024). Phytochemical analysis of Aronia melanocarpa and ×Sorbaronia fallax fruit . Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 15(1), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.15421/022407
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