The effect of green algae on the growth parameters of Linum usitatissimum tissue and on its secondary metabolites content

R. T. Yahya; H. M. Yaqub; S. N. Ghanim; A. A. H. Mohammed

doi:10.15421/0225084

R. T. Yahya University of Mosul
H. M. Yaqub University of Mosul
S. N. Ghanim University of Mosul
A. A. H. Mohammed University of Mosul

Keywords: flax, green algae, growth tissues, Linum usitatissimum, secondary metabolites.

Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the effect o n the growth of flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). of enriching the nutrient medium by an extracellular product of algae ( Cladophora glomerata , Chara sp.) The effect of application of algae to M ur a shige and Skoog medium on plant growth and pigment content contrasted favorably with the effect of the media without algae. We recorded the highest response in seedling growth, which registered 14.8 cm and 14.4 mg, for length and dry weight of shoot, respectively, 16.4 cm for root length and chlorophyll a total content at 0.5% , from Chara extract. Phenolic compounds quercetin, syringic acid, rutin, ferulic, vanillic aci d, p -coumaric and g allic acid were measured by high-performance liquid chr omatography (HPLC) analysis, the results indicated that the highest content of phenols was found in flax seedling tissues treat ed by Chara 0.5% compared to control (without algae).

References

Al-Tai, A. A., & Mohammed, A. A. (2024). Germination of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) plant seeds and production of its seedlings callus cultures. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 20(6), 36–39.

Ammar, E. E., Aioub, A. A. A., Elesawy, A. E., Karkour, A. M., Mouhamed, M. S., Amer, A. A., & El-Shershaby, N. A. (2022). Algae as bio-fertilizers: Between current situation and future prospective. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(5), 3083–3096.

Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1–15.

Arslanoğlu, F., & Aytaç, S. (2020). The important in terms of health of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(1), 95–107.

Babenko, L. M., Smirnov, O. E., Romanenko, K. O., Trunova, O. K., & Kosakіvskа, I. V. (2019). Phenolic compounds in plants: Biogenesis and functions. The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal, 91(3), 5–18.

Barickman, T. C., Kopsell, D. A., & Sams, C. E. (2016). Abscisic acid impacts tomato carotenoids, soluble sugars, and organic acids. HortScience, 51(4), 370–376.

Cunha, E., Sousa, V., Geada, P., Teixeira, J. A., Vicente, A. A., & Dias, O. (2023). Systems biology’s role in leveraging microalgal biomass potential: Current status and future perspectives. Algal Research, 69, 102963.

Dar, S. A., Nawchoo, I. A., Tyub, S., & Kamili, A. N. (2021). Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro induction and maintenance of callus from leaf and root explants of Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. Biotechnology Reports, 32, e00688.

Diaz, C. J., Douglas, K. J., Kang, K., Kolarik, A. L., Malinovski, R., Torres-Tiji, Y., Molino, J. V., Badary, A., & Mayfield, S. P. (2023). Developing algae as a sustainable food source. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 1029841.

Dineshkumar, R., Subramanian, J., Arumugam, A., Ahamed Rasheeq, A., & Sampathkumar, P. (2018). Exploring the microalgae biofertilizer effect on onion cultivation by field experiment. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11(1), 77–87.

Đurđević, L., Pavlović, P., & Mitrović, M. (2009). The effects of phenolic compounds on soil properties. In: Muscolo, A., Sidari, M. (Eds.). Soil phenols. Nova Science Pub Inc. Pp. 31–62.

Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phenolic compounds. In: Harborne, J. B. (Ed.). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 33–88.

Hashim, M. S., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2023). The effect of adding extracellular products of blue-green algae to the MS medium on the callus, shoot, and root induction of the ber tree, Zaytony cultivar. Advances in Agriculture and Botanics, 15(1), 40–45.

Ibrahim, M., Ali, A. H., & Hashem, M. S. (2021). In vitro effects of cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria tenuis) extracellular products on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv.‘Barhee’) propagation. Dysona – Applied Science, 2(1), 1–7.

Jasim, I., Yaqub, H., & Ibrahim, F. (2023). Role of phenolic compounds in allelopathic activity. Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences, 7(2), 89–98.

Jeyaprakash, R. (2017). HPLC analysis of flavonoids in Acanthophora specifera (red seaweed) collected from Gulf of Mannar, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Science and Research, 6, 69–72.

Karthik, T., Sarkar, G., Babu, S., Amalraj, L. D., & Jayasri, M. A. (2020). Preparation and evaluation of liquid fertilizer from Turbinaria ornata and Ulva reticulata. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 28, 101712.

Khuder, J. K., & Mohammed, A. A.-H. (2025). Isolation endophytic bacteria from leaf glands and seeds of Ardisia crenata plant and its molecular detection. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 56(6), 1265–1270.

Koushalya, S., Vishwakarma, R., & Malik, A. (2021). Unraveling the diversity of algae and its biomacromolecules. In: Das, S., & Dash, H. R. (Ed.). Microbial and natural macromolecules. Synthesis and applications. Elsevier. Pp. 179–204.

Mahdi, G. A., & Yahya, R. T. (2024). Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on soybean’s biomolecules and oil content (Glycine max L.) seedlings tissues. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 20(6), 1–5.

Millam, S., Obert, B., & Pret’ová, A. (2005). Plant cell and biotechnology studies in Linum usitatissimum – a review. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 82(1), 93–103.

Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15(3), 473–497.

Ozyigit, I. I., Dogan, I., Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A., Yalcin, B., Erdogan, A., Yalcin, I. E., Cabi, E., & Kaya, Y. (2023). Production of secondary metabolites using tissue culture-based biotechnological applications. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1132555.

Patel, A. K., Albarico, F. P. J. B., Perumal, P. K., Vadrale, A. P., Nian, C. T., Chau, H. T. B., Anwar, C., Wani, H. M. ud din, Pal, A., Saini, R., Ha, L. H., Senthilkumar, B., Tsang, Y.-S., Chen, C.-W., Dong, C.-D., & Singhania, R. R. (2022). Algae as an emerging source of bioactive pigments. Bioresource Technology, 351, 126910.

Radovanović, B., Anđelković, S., Radovanović, A., & Anđelković, M. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of polyphenol extracts from wild berry fruits grown in Southeast Serbia. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(5), 23.

Radovanović, B., Mladenović, J., Radovanović, A., Pavlović, R., & Nikolić, V. (2015). Phenolic composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activites of Allium porrum L. (Serbia) extracts. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 3(9), 564–569.

Srivastava, N., Kamal, B., Sharma, V., Negi, Y., Dobriyal, A., Gupta, S., & Jadon, V. (2010). Rooting of stem cuttings with different indole 3 butyric acid (IBA) treatments and development of micropropagation protocol for Piper betle L. node culture. Academic Arena, 2(6), 37–42.

Su, M., Bastiaens, L., Verspreet, J., & Hayes, M. (2023). Applications of microalgae in foods, pharma and feeds and their use as fertilizers and biostimulants: Legislation and regulatory aspects for consideration. Foods, 12(20), 3878.

Sultan, S. J., Qaddawi, Z. T., & Mohammed, A. A.-H. (2024). Molecular diagnosis of bacteria isolated from Trifolium repens root nodules. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1153–1157.

Wang, X., & Komatsu, S. (2017). Improvement of soybean products through the response mechanism analysis using proteomic technique. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 82, 117–148.

Yahya, R. T. (2020). Morphological and physiological response of Lupinus albus plants tissues for treatment to zinc oxide nanoparticle. Plant Archives, 20(S1), 3465–3468.

Yaqub, H. M., Saeed, J. A., & Al-Katib, M. A. (2022). Allelopathic activity of the aqueous extracts of Cladophora and Spirogyraon the germination and growth of three cultivars of bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S8), 3666–3675.