Impact of Artrolife on hematological, reproductive, and thyroid function in female rats
Abstract
Artrolife, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is commonly administered to alleviate pain, fever and inflammation. This study explored the influence of Artrolife on hematological, reproductive, and thyroid functions in female rats. Twenty adult female rats were randomly assigned to a control group receiving distilled water and to a treatment group administered Artrolife at 0.190 mg/kg body weight daily. After 7 and 20 days, blood samples were collected to assess hematological indices and hormone levels. The results revealed that Artrolife administration led to a noticeable increase in leukocyte count, alongside reductions in erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Furthermore, reproductive hormones such as FSH and LH experienced significant declines, while thyroid hormones displayed marked alterations; T 3 and T 4 levels increased, and TSH levels decreased notably after prolonged treatment. These findings indicate that Artrolife exerts substantial effects on both blood param e ters and endocrine function, potentially disrupting normal physiological balance. The outcomes of this research point to the necessity for further investigations, particularly concerning the long-term implications of Artrolife use in clinical settings.References
Adedapo, A., & Aiyelotan, O. (2010). Effect of chronic administration of indomethacin on haematological parameters in rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 4(3), 159–160.
Al-Essawi, D. A., & AlJamali, M. J. (2019). The protective impact of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) against indomethacin-induced renal injury in embryos andneonatal (newborns) kidneys of white female rats during pregnancy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4), 753–765.
Al-Essawia, D. A.-H. K., Abed, A. K., Hashem, W. Y., Alhadad, A. S. I., & Mohammd, Z. M. (2020). Protective impact of vitamin C against some fetal and neonatal congenital malformations and anti-inflammatory non-steroidal-induced hepatotoxicity of white rats. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(11), 621–631.
Amir, M., Yimer, N., Hiew, M., Yusoff, S. M., Hussen, B., & Quddus, A. (2023). Effect of indomethacin on embryo implantation and histomorphology of uterus, ovary, kidney, and liver of rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 30(12), 103837.
Athanasiou, S., Bourne, T. H., Khalid, A., Okokon, E. V., Crayford, T. J. B., Hagström, H.-G., Campbell, S., & Collins, W. P. (1996). Effects of indomethacin on follicular structure, vascularity, and function over the periovulatory period in women. Fertility and Sterility, 65(3), 556–560.
Barkin, R. L. (2015). Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. American Journal of Therapeutics, 22(5), 388–407.
Bishnoi, A., Carlson, H. E., Gruber, B. L., Kaufman, L. D., Bock, J. L., & Lidonnici, K. (1994). Effects of commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on thyroid hormone measurements. The American Journal of Medicine, 96(3), 235–238.
Bolton, T. A., & Panciera, D. L. (2023). Influence of medications on thyroid function in dogs: An update. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 37(5), 1626–1640.
Bosch, D. J., Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke, G. J., van Meurs, M., Abdulahad, W. H., & Struys, M. M. R. F. (2022). Immune modulatory effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the perioperative period and their consequence on postoperative outcome. Anesthesiology, 136(5), 843–860.
Boskabadi, H., Moeini, M., Tara, F., Tavallaie, S., Saber, H., Nejati, R., Hosseini, G., Mostafavi-Toroghi, H., Ferns, G. A. A., & Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. (2013). Determination of prooxidant–antioxidant balance during uncomplicated pregnancy using a rapid assay. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 32(3), 227–232.
Bouck, Z., Mecredy, G. C., Ivers, N. M., Barua, M., Martin, D., Austin, P. C., Tepper, J., & Bhatia, R. S. (2018). Frequency and associations of prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among patients with a musculoskeletal disorder and hypertension, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178(11), 1516–1525.
Brown, E. D. L., Obeng-Gyasi, B., Hall, J. E., & Shekhar, S. (2023). The thyroid hormone axis and female reproduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(12), 9815.
D’Ambrosio, V., Vena, F., Scopelliti, A., D’Aniello, D., Savastano, G., Brunelli, R., & Giancotti, A. (2023). Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnancy and oligohydramnios: a review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 36(2), 155–165.
Dayal, D., Verma Attri, S., Kumar Bhalla, A., & Kumar, R. (2014). Response to low dose indomethacin in two children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 20(4), 178–181.
de Jong, M., van Delft, F., Roozen, C., van Geenen, E.-J., Bisseling, T., Siersema, P., & Bruno, M. (2024). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before endoscopic ultrasound guided tissue acquisition to reduce the incidence of post procedural pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 30(8), 811–816.
Dobrzyn, K., Kiezun, M., Zaobidna, E., Kisielewska, K., Rytelewska, E., Gudelska, M., Kopij, G., Bors, K., Szymanska, K., Kaminska, B., Kaminski, T., & Smolinska, N. (2020). The in vitro effect of prostaglandin E2 and F2α on the chemerin system in the porcine endometrium during gestation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(15), 5213.
Farah, R. I., Khatib, A. E., Abu Ziyad, H. J., Jiad, D. K., Al Qusous, L. R., Ababneh, A. J., & Ajarmeh, S. (2023). Pattern of use and awareness of side-effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the Jordanian population. Annals of Medicine, 55(2), 2242–2248.
Fazio, S., & Bellavite, P. (2023). Early multi-target treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19, particularly in terms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and indomethacin. BioMed, 3(1), 177–194.
Gaytán, M., Bellido, C., Morales, C., Sánchez-Criado, J. E., & Gaytán, F. (2006). Effects of selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathways in follicle rupture and ovulation in the rat. Reproduction, 132(4), 571–577.
Gilman, K. E., Camden, J. M., Woods, L. T., Weisman, G. A., & Limesand, K. H. (2021). Indomethacin treatment post-irradiation improves mouse parotid salivary gland function via modulation of prostaglandin E2 signaling. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 697671.
Ilahi, M., Khan, J., Inayat, Q., & Abidi, T. S. (2006). Histological changes in parts of foregut of rat after indomethacin administration. Journal of Ayub Medical College, 18(3), 29–34.
Kaya, B., Akduman, H., Dilli, D., Cetinkaya, S., Oktem, A., Orun, U. A., Tasar, M., & Zenciroglu, A. (2023). The effects of thyroid hormone levels on patent ductus arteriosus closure in newborns. Medeniyet Medical Journal, 38(3), 187–192.
Lateef, D., Mohammed, D., & Hasan, S. (2024). The relationships between aplein, vaspin and thyroid hormone levels in obese diabetic and non-diabetic women. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 41(2), 239–245.
Maruyama, K., Goto, K., Hiramoto, K., Tanaka, S., & Ooi, K. (2022). Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, induces skin dryness via PPARγ in mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 45(1), 77–85.
Mayo, S. A., Song, Y. K., Cruz, M. R., Phan, T. M., Singh, K. V., Garsin, D. A., Murray, B. E., Dial, E. J., & Lichtenberger, L. M. (2016). Indomethacin injury to the rat small intestine is dependent upon biliary secretion and is associated with overgrowth of enterococci. Physiological Reports, 4(6), e12725.
Mohsein, O. A., Thuwaini, M. M., & Salman, H. K. (2023). The relationship between leptin, thyroid hormone and insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(3), 518–523.
Morgan, G. A., Leech, N. A., Gloecner, G. W., & Barrett, K. C. (2010). SPSS for introductory statistics: Use and interpretation. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahway.
Nosivets, D., Opryshko, V., & Shevchenko, T. (2022). Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol on the functional state of the thyroid gland in experimental osteoarthritis with hypothyroidism. Problems of Endocrine Pathology, 79(1), 93–99.
Pall, M. (2001). Induction of delayed follicular rupture in the human by the selective COX-2 inhibitor Rofecoxib: A randomized double-blind study. Human Reproduction, 16(7), 1323–1328.
Ronchetti, S., Migliorati, G., & Delfino, D. V. (2017). Association of inflammatory mediators with pain perception. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 96, 1445–1452.
Sedeeq, B. I., Sarhat, E. R., Wadee, S. A., Sarhat, T. R., & Abass, K. S. (2021). Effects of indomethacin administration on some biochemical and brain histological changes in male rats. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 15(3), 2127–2135.
Sohail, R., Mathew, M., Patel, K. K., Reddy, S. A., Haider, Z., Naria, M., Habib, A., Abdin, Z. U., Razzaq Chaudhry, W., & Akbar, A. (2023). Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and gastroprotective NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract: A narrative review. Cureus, 15(4), e37080.
Summ, O., Andreou, A. P., Akerman, S., Holland, P. R., Hoffmann, J., & Goadsby, P. J. (2020). Differential actions of indomethacin: clinical relevance in headache. Pain, 162(2), 591–599.
Tal, E., Mohari, K., Koranyi, L., Kovacs, Z., & Endroczi, E. (1988). The effect of indomethacin, ibuprofen and paracetamol on the TRH induced TSH secretion in the rat. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 19(4), 579–581.
Tsuboi, K., Sugimoto, Y., & Ichikawa, A. (2002). Prostanoid receptor subtypes. Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 535–556.
Wallach, E. E., Smith, C. G., & Asch, R. H. (1987). Drug abuse and reproduction. Fertility and Sterility, 48(3), 355–373.
Wang, P.-H., Horng, H.-C., Chen, Y.-J., Hsieh, S.-L., Chao, H.-T., & Yuan, C.-C. (2007). Effect of a selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Celecoxib, on the reproductive function of female mice. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 70(6), 245–248.
Wongrakpanich, S., Wongrakpanich, A., Melhado, K., & Rangaswami, J. (2018). A comprehensive review of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the elderly. Aging and Disease, 9(1), 143–150.
Zhao, Q., Zhang, L., Hai, B., Wang, J., Baetge, C. L., Deveau, M. A., Kapler, G. M., Feng, J. Q., & Liu, F. (2020). Transient activation of the hedgehog-gli pathway rescues radiotherapy-induced dry mouth via recovering salivary gland resident macrophages. Cancer Research, 80(24), 5531–5542.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons «Attribution» 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.


